Effectiveness and Acceptability of Insertable Devices for Obstetric Fistula Management

Obstetric fistula is a traumatic maternal morbidity resulting in severe urinary incontinence that increases stigma and reduces quality of life. The estimated two million women with fistula, most in sub-Saharan Africa, face substantial multi-level barriers to surgical repair. Women need an acceptable non-surgical option for therapeutic management of fistula-related urinary incontinence, yet no non-surgical standard of care exists. Use of an insertable silicone vaginal cup has great potential for fistula management; it is effective for menstrual management and efficacious at reducing short-term fistula urinary leakage.

The investigators propose a clinical trial and nested qualitative study to 1) quantify the effectiveness of an insertable vaginal cup to manage fistula urinary incontinence, 2) examine user and implementer acceptability, and 3) quantify fistula management cost. Two intervention models will be compared among women awaiting fistula surgery or whose surgery was unsuccessful: 1) a vaginal cup ('cup'), and 2) the cup attached via rubber tubing to a leg-secured urine collection bag ('cup+') for greater urine holding capacity. Using a cross-over design for efficiency, 100 participants will be randomized to one of two sequences of leaking freely, cup, and cup+ at fistula centers in Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda and observed for four days (total observations=400). Each treatment (cup, cup+ or leaking freely) is used for 24h for day and night use, then crossover. Data are captured through self-report and clinical checklist. On day 4, participants are re-randomized to use cup or cup+ at home for 3 months. Acceptability assessment is informed by implementation and health behavior theory.

Aim 1. To quantify the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of the cup and cup+. The trial will compare objective and patient-reported measures of effectiveness of the cup and cup+ to leaking freely and of the cup to the cup+. Short-term assessment will be objective (urinary leakage; 8, 24hrs), long-term assessment will be patient-reported (QoL; 1-3 months).

Aim 2. To examine acceptability of cup and cup+. User and implementer acceptability will be assessed using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Acceptability among trial participants will be measured longitudinally (1-3 months). User and implementer acceptability will be examined within in-depth interviews of selected trial participants (n\~30) at 3 months and potential implementers (ob/gyns, midwives/nurses, community health workers, n\~20).

Aim 3. To explore the material and opportunity costs to non-surgical fistula management. Surveys and time motion study among trial participants at facility and community will estimate direct and indirect costs of fistula management from a patient perspective. The long-term goal of the proposed work is to overcome barriers to comprehensive fistula care and increase quality of life through an acceptable, non-surgical option for therapeutic management of fistula.

• Mean change in volume of perceived urine leakage [Time frame: baseline vs. 6 hours, 24 hours,1 month, 2 months and 3 months]
• Mean change in WHO Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) score [Time frame: baseline vs. 24 hours, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months]
• Mean change in fistula-related stigma scale [Time frame: baseline vs. 1 month, 2 months and 3 months]
• Mean change in fistula management costs over time [Time frame: baseline vs. 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months]
• Mean change in sleep satisfaction using the WHO sleep index [Time frame: baseline vs. 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months]
• Mean change in Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (BRIEF) Coping scale [Time frame: baseline vs. 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months]
• Mean change in perceived empowerment over time [Time frame: baseline vs. 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months]
• Changes in perceived safety over time [Time frame: baseline vs. 6 hours, 24 hours, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months]
• Changes in user acceptability of the intervention over time [Time frame: 6 hours vs. 24 hours, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months]
• Changes in post-fistula repair reintegration scale [Time frame: baseline vs. 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months]