Performance After Cardiac Ablation in Endurance Athletes for Atrial Fibrillation

activity appears protective, both insufficient and excessive exercise are linked to an elevated risk in developing AF. Standard treatments, such as medication or catheter ablation via pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), are widely used in the general population, but their application in athletes presents distinct challenges. Beyond managing the arrhythmia itself, athletes are often concerned about how treatment might impact their performance, return-to-play timelines, and long-term athletic performance. Antiarrhythmic medications are typically only partially effective in this population, rarely resulting in full symptom resolution and frequently causing side effects that undermine athletic performance. The most common issues (fatigue, decreased energy, and impaired physical performance) with antiarrhythmic medications are especially troubling for individuals whose identity and daily life revolve around maximising physical capability.

Cardiac ablation has therefore emerged as a more definitive treatment strategy, with fewer side effects. However, this procedure is not without risks. Understanding the physiological trade-offs of ablation is essential, especially for those whose pursuit of peak performance defines their lifestyle. Cardiac ablation may affect exercise capacity through several mechanisms. Ablation lines render sections of the atrium electrically and mechanically inert, potentially reducing its contractile contribution. Repeat procedures may further increase atrial stiffness. Additionally, targeting autonomic structures such as the ganglionated plexi or ligament of Marshall during ablation can disrupt normal heart rate regulation, potentially diminishing responsiveness during exercise. Conversely, effective symptom control through cardiac ablation may allow athletes to train more consistently and at higher intensities. Reducing AF burden may also slow the progression of atrial remodelling and associated tissue stiffening.

For athletes, whose primary goal is to optimise physical performance, the effects of AF treatment on their ability to train and compete are understandably a major concern. Conversely, eliminating AF symptoms could enhance training consistency and prevent or halt the development of structural remodelling that contributes to disease progression. This duality makes the relationship between ablation and athletic performance a compelling but underexplored topic, not only for athletes, but for all physically active individuals.

Available evidence on the relationship between ablation and athletic performance remains limited. Several small-scale studies have shown that the effectiveness PVI in athletes is comparable to that observed in the general population. A small study by Mandsager et al. found no significant change in exercise capacity before and after PVI among athletes. However, the study's limitations (including a low follow-up rate, delayed post-procedure testing, and a small subset with paired assessments) temper confidence in these findings. While the results provide some reassurance, they highlight the need for larger, prospective studies with standardised protocols. More robust data have been observed on markers of the autonomous system, such as heart rate. Post-PVI, resting heart rate increased by approximately 10 beats per minute and remained elevated for at least 12 months. This was associated with reductions in both heart rate reserve and heart rate recovery, two indicators commonly linked to diminished cardiovascular fitness.

One proposed contributor to the increased incidence of AF in athletes is the chronic hemodynamic load associated with intense endurance training, which may lead to atrial enlargement, inflammation, and eventual fibrosis. Atrial dilation is a recognised component of the athlete's heart, yet findings across studies have been inconsistent. Surprisingly, the research by Mandsager et al. reported no significant differences in cardiac remodelling between athletes and nonathletes, with athletes even demonstrating slightly smaller left atrial volumes. This contrasts with other investigations, including a study by Trivedi et al., which showed that elite endurance athletes had atria more than twice the size of those in healthy controls and marginally larger than individuals with paroxysmal AF.

Earlier intervention with PVI was shown to be linked to better procedural outcomes. This raises the possibility that ablation might be more effective when performed before substantial atrial remodelling occurs. However, many elite athletes already exhibit marked atrial dilation by the time AF presents, making it unclear whether PVI yields comparable success in this subgroup. Although current evidence does not suggest that PVI meaningfully impairs exercise capacity, it also makes clear that the procedure induces lasting changes in cardiac physiology. These changes warrant closer scrutiny, particularly in athletic populations.

With the growing number of athletes diagnosed with AF, it is increasingly important to understand how ablation affects athletic performance. This multicentre project aims to address that gap by systematically assessing the impact of cardiac ablation using objective performance metrics, advanced cardiac imaging, and athlete-reported outcomes. The primary goal of this project is to provide a scientific basis for the clinical decision-making in athletes with AF. Through a better understanding of the effects of cardiac ablation on AF, this project may lead to improved and more informed therapeutic strategies in athletes with AF.

Primary Hypothesis: Catheter ablation for AF in endurance athletes results in measurable changes in athletic performance, either beneficial or detrimental, due to shifts in cardiac physiology and autonomic function.

Primary objective:

The primary endpoint is the change in peak VO₂ (mL/kg/min) between baseline (before ablation) and follow-up.

Secondary objectives:

* Autonomic adaptations: including changes in maximum heart rate, heart rate recovery, heart rate reserve, and heart rate variability. * Cardiac function: alterations in diastolic and atrial function assessed by echocardiography. * Training and performance: objective measures such as efficiency factor, decoupling or cardiac drift, functional threshold power, critical power, and acute and chronic training load. * Technique comparison: differences in outcomes between pulsed field and radiofrequency ablation (e.g. atrial function, troponin release, …). * Sex-specific effects: recognising the underrepresentation of women in sports cardiology research, the investigators will include female athletes according to incidence and evaluate potential differences in treatment response between sexes. * Predictors of AF recurrence in endurance athletes