Ligamentum Teres Cardiopexy in Treatment of GERD After Sleeve Gastrectomy

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has become one of the most commonly performed bariatric procedures worldwide due to its effectiveness in achieving sustained weight loss and improving obesity-related comorbidities. However, it is increasingly recognized that LSG may lead to or exacerbate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and contribute to the development or worsening of hiatus hernia (HH). GERD incidence after LSG has been reported to range from 20% to 60%, making it a significant postoperative complication impacting patient quality of life. The underlying pathophysiology involves changes in gastroesophageal anatomy and physiology following the resection of the gastric fundus and alteration of the lower esophageal sphincter pressure, along with increased intragastric pressure due to the sleeve's tubular shape Changes after a sleeve gastrectomy

1. Sectioning the gastric fundus leaves the upper esophagus open when the food passes and changes the angle of His from 36° to 51 2. Damaging the sling fibers, cutting the noose that forms the LES, and promoting GERD 3. Augmented intragastric pressure, confirmed by manometry, increases the gastroesophageal pressure gradient and reflux 4. Herniation of the gastric tube into the thoracic cavity, disarming the associated gastro and esophagus-phrenic ligaments, leaving the pouch with a greater capacity to suffer from the pressures applied by the stomach and thorax, which may produce a hiatal hernia (HH) 5. Vagal nerve injury 6. Poor surgical technique leads to twisting, kinking, or strictures of the gastric tube. 7. A dynamic pylorus When Surgery Is Considered

After SG, most patients with GERD are first managed with lifestyle changes and medical therapy (e.g. PPIs). Surgery or more invasive interventions are considered when:

1. GERD symptoms are refractory despite maximal medical treatment. 2. There are anatomical problems contributing to reflux, e.g. hiatal hernia, sleeve twist, stenosis, sleeve dilation, intrathoracic migration of the sleeve. 3. There's also insufficient weight loss or weight regain (so revisional surgery may serve dual purposes).