Effectiveness of a ReMIND Diet Intervention on Sarcopenia, Cognitive Frailty and Nutritional Status in Older Adults

Background:

Global population ageing is accelerating, with adults aged ≥60 years expected to reach 2.1 billion by 2050. Malaysia is projected to become an aged nation by 2030, when more than 15% of the population will be older adults. Ageing is associated with increased risks of chronic diseases, frailty, sarcopenia, and cognitive decline, contributing to reduced independence and quality of life. Nutrition plays a key protective role in mitigating these risks.

The MIND diet integrates principles from the Mediterranean and DASH dietary patterns and emphasizes leafy green vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, and limited intake of saturated fats and refined foods. Its Malaysian adaptation, MY-MINDD, incorporates culturally relevant foods, locally available fruits, soy-based products, and regionally preferred fish while excluding alcohol-based components. Previous local findings indicate that adherence to MY-MINDD is associated with improved cognitive outcomes in older adults.

Despite these benefits, poor diet quality, high reliance on eating-out patterns, and food insecurity remain prevalent among Malaysian older adults, especially among low-income urban communities. Approximately one-third of older adults in Malaysia are malnourished, and rising living costs further restrict access to nutritious foods. MoW programs offer support to food-insecure older adults but often face logistical, financial, and sustainability challenges. Integrating MY-MINDD principles into MoW through shelf-stable retort meals may enhance dietary access, improve nutritional status, and reduce risks of sarcopenia and cognitive frailty among vulnerable older adults.

Problem Statement and Rationale:

Evidence evaluating MoW programs in Malaysia remains limited, and no studies have assessed the feasibility, cost-effectiveness, or health impact of providing MIND-based retort meals within MoW delivery systems. The MIND diet has shown potential for improving diet quality, elevating neuroprotective biomarkers, and reducing risks of sarcopenia and cognitive decline; however, local implementation and evaluation remain scarce. Cultural adaptations are essential to ensure relevance in the Malaysian context.

This study addresses these evidence gaps by examining the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of integrating MY-MINDD-based retort meals into MoW programs. The investigation focuses on sarcopenia, cognitive frailty, nutritional status, depression, functional ability, and food security among economically deprived older adults.

Significance of the Study:

The intervention aligns with national guidelines emphasizing the provision of safe, nutritionally balanced, and culturally appropriate meals for vulnerable populations. The use of retort meals supports food safety, reduces logistical burdens, and enhances accessibility for older adults living in urban low-income environments. By targeting the unique challenges faced by the urban poor, such as higher food prices and limited mobility, the study contributes to national efforts to reduce food insecurity and promote healthy ageing.

Conceptual Overview:

The conceptual framework proposes that the MY-MINDD retort meal intervention will improve muscle health, cognitive frailty, nutritional status, depression, and food security. Process measures include meal satisfaction, adherence, and cost-effectiveness to assess acceptability and sustainability. Potential confounding factors include socioeconomic characteristics, baseline medical conditions, psychosocial support, and lifestyle behaviors.

Study Design:

The study utilizes a 12-week, two-arm, single-blinded, cluster randomized controlled trial. Two comparable low-income housing clusters in Kuala Lumpur (PPR Seri Alam Fasa 2 and PPA Loke Yew) serve as the randomization units. Cluster assignment is determined through simple random allocation. The intervention cluster receives MY-MINDD-based retort meals through the MoW program for 12 weeks, while the control cluster undergoes the same assessment schedule and receives the meals after study completion, known as the wait-list control. Cluster randomization is used to reduce contamination and reflect real-world MoW implementation.

Study Location:

The study is conducted in PPR Seri Alam Fasa 2 and PA Loke Yew, Kuala Lumpur. These sites have substantial populations of older adults in the B40 socioeconomic group, established community networks, and feasible distribution channels for MoW services.

Study Population and Sampling:

The target population includes Malaysian older adults aged 60-84 years residing in selected clusters and classified under the B40 income category. These individuals face higher risks of food insecurity and malnutrition. Recruitment is conducted through purposive selection of clusters and snowball sampling within each cluster. The total sample comprises 70 participants (35 per cluster).

Sample Size Justification:

A total of 70 participants is considered sufficient based on comparability with previous randomized nutrition intervention trials with similar sample sizes and measurable outcomes. The 12-week intervention is expected to produce detectable changes in nutritional and functional outcomes relevant to older adults.

Intervention Description:

The MY-MINDD diet incorporates Malaysian food culture and locally available nutrient-dense ingredients. Menu development is conducted by qualified dietitians and nutritionists to ensure compliance with dietary principles and nutrient adequacy for older adults.

Participants in the intervention group receive:

Two MY-MINDD-based retort main meals per day, five days per week (10 meals weekly) Legume-based snacks (two to three times weekly) Weekly distributions of vacuum-packed vegetables, fresh fruits, and soy milk Retort meals are produced using standardized high-temperature processing to ensure safety, extended shelf life, and nutritional preservation. Participants receive printed user guides and safety instructions on meal reheating, food handling, and emergency procedures. Weekly distribution sessions include brief feedback collection to monitor adherence, acceptability, and meal quality.

Participants in the control group receive no meals during the study period but follow identical assessment schedules. They receive MY-MINDD retort meals after completion of the study to ensure ethical fairness.

Research Instruments:

Validated and standardized instruments are used to collect data on:

Socioeconomic characteristics and medical history Diet quality (MY-MINDD scoring system) Food security (Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) (USDA 6-Item version)) Depression (Geriatric depression scale -15 (GDS-15)) Anthropometry (body weight, height or arm span, waist circumference, calf circumference, body composition via Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)) Sarcopenia (Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria) Cognitive frailty (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Fried Frailty Phenotype (FFP)) Blood biomarkers (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)) Sun exposure indices (Sun Exposure and Protection Index (SEPI), Sun Exposure Index (SEI)) Cost-effectiveness measures (health-related costs and quality-of-life metrics)

Data Analysis:

Quantitative analyses include paired t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square tests, and logistic regression. Mixed-effects models will evaluate repeated measures across clusters and time points. Continuous variables will be analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, while categorical outcomes will be analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with random intercepts for cluster and participant.

Future Directions and Sustainability:

The intervention has potential for scalability in community-based nutrition programs for older adults. Long-term sustainability may be strengthened through collaboration with local councils, welfare departments, and food industry partners. Cost-effectiveness findings may inform policymaking, budgeting, and nationwide MoW implementation. Embedding the program within existing community support systems may enhance continuity and maximize public health impact.

• Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in picograms per milliliter (pg/mL) [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• 6-item USDA Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) score [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Depressive Symptoms [Срок оценки: 3 months]