Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes of Neonatal Anemia in NICU

Neonatal anemia is one of the most common hematological problems encountered in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), particularly among preterm and very low birth-weight (VLBW) infants. It is defined as a hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (Hct) concentration below the normal range for gestational and postnatal age, often necessitating clinical intervention to ensure adequate tissue oxygenation and prevent long-term neurodevelopmental consequences Anemia: Hb \<13 g/dL in term newborns; Hb \<12 g/dL in preterm neonates within the first week of life, according to WHO criteria The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving both physiological and pathological processes. In preterm neonates, the condition known as anemia of prematurity (AOP) is primarily characterized by reduced erythropoietin production, shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan, and rapid postnatal growth that increases iron demand Globally, over 80% of extremely preterm infants (\<28 weeks of gestation) require at least one RBC transfusion during their hospitalization . In Egypt, recent tertiary-level NICU data suggest that the prevalence of neonatal anemia among admitted preterm infants exceeds 60%, with many requiring multiple transfusions in the first month of life Major contributing factors include iatrogenic blood loss from frequent phlebotomy, insufficient iron stores at birth due to shortened gestation, hemolysis (immune or non-immune), and acute blood loss from perinatal events