The Effects of Augmented Reality Versus Virtual Reality

This prospective, randomized controlled study aims to compare the effects of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR)-assisted treadmill gait training on balance and walking in individuals with stroke, and to contribute to the literature through a comprehensive analysis within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and care burden, with nearly one-third of acute stroke survivors unable to walk three months after onset. Improving walking ability is a central goal of stroke rehabilitation. There is increasing evidence that high-intensity, task-specific, and repetitive training can enhance functional recovery. Treadmill training enables intensive, repetitive practice of complex gait patterns and has been shown to improve walking speed and distance in stroke survivors. Technological advances have introduced immersive tools such as VR and AR systems into rehabilitation, providing engaging and interactive environments that enhance motor learning and patient motivation.

The C-Mill VR+ system (Motek, Netherlands) is a treadmill equipped with both AR and VR applications, offering visual-auditory feedback, safety harnesses, and force sensors. Though studies suggest C-Mill training improves gait and reduces fall risk in geriatric and Parkinson's disease populations, comprehensive randomized controlled trials comparing AR- and VR-supported treadmill training in stroke rehabilitation are lacking.

This study will enroll 66 individuals with stroke undergoing inpatient rehabilitation at the Virtual Reality Laboratory of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital. Inclusion criteria include diagnosis of hemiplegia (ICD-10 code G81), age 18 or older, and ability to walk with or without assistance (Functional Ambulation Classification ≥ 2). Exclusion criteria include aphasia, MoCA score \<10, additional neurological/orthopedic problems, recurrent stroke, or a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) score of 3-4 in the lower extremities. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) VR group-C-Mill VR treadmill training with Nature Island, Italian Apps, and Soccer applications; (2) AR group-C-Mill AR training using Stepping Stones, Reactive Stones, Obstacles, Speed Adjustment, Slalom, Tandem, and Monster Game applications; (3) Control group-home-based walking exercises (flat ground, variable step length, obstacles, and speed) in addition to standard physiotherapy. All groups will continue routine physiotherapy and receive 45-minute training sessions, five days a week for three weeks.

Outcome measures assessed pre- and post-intervention include the Timed Up and Go Test, Fugl-Meyer Lower Extremity Motor Assessment, Modified Ashworth Scale, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale, Berg Balance Scale, Functional Ambulation Classification, Trunk Impairment Scale, Stroke Impact Scale (3.0), Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and spatiotemporal gait analysis via the C-Mill VR+ system. Gait analysis will record step lengths, stance and swing phases, and double support percentages for both paretic and non-paretic limbs at self-selected and fixed speeds.

• Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment Lower Extremity (FMA-LE) [Срок оценки: baseline and after 3 weeks]
• Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale [Срок оценки: baseline and after 3 weeks]
• Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) [Срок оценки: baseline and after 3 weeks]
• Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) [Срок оценки: baseline and after 3 weeks]
• Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) Version 3.0 [Срок оценки: baseline and after 3 weeks]
• Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SS-QOL) [Срок оценки: baseline and after 3 weeks]