Evaluation of the Effect of Adenoid Hypertrophy on the Masseter Muscle in Children: A Comparative Ultrasonographic Study

Hypotheses

H0 (Null Hypothesis): There is no difference in masseter muscle thickness or the visibility of internal echogenic bands between children with adenoid hypertrophy and healthy controls.

H1 (Alternative Hypothesis): There is a difference in masseter muscle thickness or the visibility of internal echogenic bands between children with adenoid hypertrophy and healthy controls.

Sample Size Calculation No prior studies were identified comparing masseter muscle thickness between children with adenoid hypertrophy and healthy controls. The sample size was calculated using G\*Power software. Assuming a medium effect size (0.6), an alpha level of 0.05, and a power of 0.80, the required total sample size was determined to be 72 participants.

Ultrasound Evaluation of the Masseter Muscle

Masseter muscle thickness and the visibility of internal echogenic bands will be assessed bilaterally at rest and during maximum clenching (intercuspal position). Evaluations will be performed with participants in the supine position. The ultrasound probe will be placed:

* Transversely: Parallel to the inferior mandibular border along a line connecting the oral commissure and the tragus. * Longitudinally: Perpendicular to the mandibular body.

Thickness measurements (mm) will be taken from the thickest part of the muscle in both positions. Visibility of internal echogenic bands will be classified as follows:

* Type 1: Clear visibility of thin transverse bands. * Type 2: Thickened bands with reduced echogenicity. * Type 3: Disappearance or reduction in the number of bands.

Evaluations will be performed by the investigator (SY) at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydın Adnan Menderes University.

Clinical Examination The principal investigator (BMA) will record each participant's age, sex, adenoid hypertrophy grade, occlusion type, molar relationship classification, overjet, overbite, number of carious, missing, and filled teeth, and the presence of mouth breathing and bruxism.

Statistical and Analytical Methods Data will be analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 (IBM Corp.). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test will be used to assess normality of distribution. Categorical variables will be expressed as frequencies and percentages; continuous variables will be presented as means and standard deviations. The independent samples t-test will be used to compare measurement data between groups. The chi-square test will be used to evaluate associations between categorical variables and adenoid hypertrophy.

• Primary Molar Occlusion (Mesial Step, Distal Step, Flush Terminal Plane) or Angle's Classification (Class I-III) of Permanent Molars in Children With and Without Adenoid Hypertrophy [Срок оценки: At enrollment (single assessment)]
• Overjet and Overbite in Children With and Without Adenoid Hypertrophy [Срок оценки: At enrollment (single assessment)]
• Adenoid Hypertrophy Grade in Children Diagnosed With Adenoid Hypertrophy and Scheduled for Surgery [Срок оценки: At enrollment (single assessment)]
• Presence of Mouth Breathing (Yes/No) in Children With and Without Adenoid Hypertrophy [Срок оценки: At enrollment (single assessment)]
• Number of Carious, Missing and Filled Teeth in Children With and Without Adenoid Hypertrophy [Срок оценки: At enrollment (single assessment)]
• Presence of Bruxism (Yes/No) in Children With and Without Adenoid Hypertrophy [Срок оценки: At enrollment (single assessment)]