Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic-Anaerobic Exercises on Hormonal and Immune Biomarkers

Официальное название

Comparison of the Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercises on Hormonal and Immune Biomarkers Measured by Blood and Saliva in Young Individuals

Обзор

This study aims to compare the effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on hormonal, immunological, and metabolic biomarkers in young individuals using blood and saliva samples. It will also assess participants' physical activity levels, depression levels, and general lifestyle habits to explore their relationship with biomarker profiles. Biomarkers such as testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, IgA, alpha-amylase, insulin, lactate, and various inflammatory cytokines will be measured using ELISA. The study seeks to evaluate the physiological and psychosocial effects of different types of exercise in a holistic manner.

Подробное описание

Exercise is a complex stimulus that induces multifaceted effects on an individual's physiological and psychological systems. Aerobic and anaerobic types of exercise differ in terms of their energy production pathways and metabolic responses in the body. Aerobic exercises are long-duration, oxygen-dependent activities, while anaerobic exercises are short-duration, high-intensity activities that activate oxygen-independent energy systems.

These types of exercise cause various hormonal, immunological, and metabolic changes in the body. After exercise, significant changes are observed in biomarkers such as stress hormones (cortisol, progesterone), anabolic hormones (testosterone), immune system markers (IgA, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-4), and metabolic parameters (amylase, insulin, lactate). The fact that these parameters can be measured from both blood and saliva samples has increased the use of non-invasive methods in exercise physiology studies.

The level of physical activity is directly related not only to biological systems but also to an individual's psychological health and lifestyle habits. Research shows that regular physical activity reduces levels of depression and improves quality of life. The positive effects of exercise on the immune system become more significant when considered in conjunction with an individual's general lifestyle habits (nutrition, sleep, stress levels, substance use, etc.). It is particularly known that individuals with depression have high cortisol levels and suppressed IgA levels. Therefore, depression levels and lifestyle habits are important variables that affect the physiological responses to exercise.

This study will compare the effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on hormonal, immunological, and metabolic biomarkers measured via blood and saliva samples in young individuals. Additionally, the participants' physical activity levels, depression levels, and general lifestyle habits will be evaluated to explore the relationship between these variables and biomarker profiles. Measurements will include levels of testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, IgA, alpha-amylase, insulin, lactate, and various inflammatory cytokines, assessed using the ELISA method. In this way, the biological effects of different types of exercise will be evaluated from both physiological and psychosocial perspectives.

The main aim of this study is to comparatively examine the effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercises on hormonal, immunological, and metabolic biomarkers measured through blood and saliva samples in young individuals. Additionally, the relationship between the participants' physical activity level, depression level, and general lifestyle habits (nutrition, sleep patterns, substance use, etc.) with these biomarkers will be investigated, as well as the potential modulatory effects on the physiological responses to exercise.

Вмешательства

• Устройство Treadmill Exercise
  Participants in this group will perform an aerobic exercise using the Bruce Protocol on a treadmill. The test involves walking or running with gradually increasing speed and incline in predefined stages to assess cardiovascular endurance. Heart rate, blood pressure, and fatigue levels will be recorded at each stage. The session will conclude with a low-intensity cool-down phase.
• Устройство Bicycle Exercise
  The Wingate Anaerobic Test will be conducted using an ergometer bike. After a standardized warm-up, participants will pedal all-out for 30 seconds against a preset resistance, aiming to evaluate their anaerobic performance. Physiological parameters including power output, heart rate, and oxygen saturation will be monitored throughout the test.

Первичные конечные точки

• Change in Salivary Testosterone Level [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline and immediately post-exercise Unit of Measure: pg/mL]
• Change in Salivary Cortisol Level [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline (pre-exercise) and immediately post-exercise (within 1 hour) Unit of Measure: ng/mL]
• Change in Salivary Progesterone Level [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline and immediately post-exercise Unit of Measure: pg/mL]
• Change in Salivary Alpha-Amylase Activity [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline and post-exercise Unit of Measure: U/mL]
• Change in Blood Lactate Level [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline and post-exercise Unit of Measure: µIU/mL]
• Change in Serum Cytokine Levels (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline and immediately post-exercise Unit of Measure: pg/mL]
• Change in Salivary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline and post-exercise Unit of Measure: µg/mL]

Вторичные конечные точки (2)

• Change in Depression Score (Beck Depression Inventory-II) [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and post-intervention (within 1 hour after final session) Unit of Measure: Score (range: 0-63) Method of Measurement: Self-reported questionnaire]
• Change in Physical Activity Level (IPAQ-Short Form) [Срок оценки: Time Frame: Baseline and post-intervention Unit of Measure: MET-minutes/week]

Критерии участия

Критерии включения

• Being a university student,
• Being between the ages of 18 and 25.

Критерии исключения

• Having orthopedic problems that prevent exercise,
• Having cognitive or mental health problems that prevent participation in exercise,
• Having chronic systemic diseases such as cardiac, pulmonary, or nephrological.

Критерии приведены из реестра в оригинале (на английском). Окончательную оценку соответствия проводит исследовательский центр.

Здоровые добровольцы: Да

Дизайн исследования

Распределение

Рандомизированное

Модель

Параллельные группы

Маскирование

Открытое

Основная цель

Организация здравоохранения

Центры проведения

Список центров уточняется — проверьте первичный протокол.

Публикации

• Guest NS, VanDusseldorp TA, Nelson MT, Grgic J, Schoenfeld BJ, Jenkins NDM, Arent SM, Antonio J, Stout JR, Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Goldstein ER, Kalman DS, Campbell BI. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Jan 2;18(1):1. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4. PMID 33388079
• Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev. 2000 Jul;80(3):1055-81. doi: 10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055. PMID 10893431
• Gleeson M. Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2007 Aug;103(2):693-9. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007. Epub 2007 Feb 15. PMID 17303714
• Mikkelsen K, Stojanovska L, Polenakovic M, Bosevski M, Apostolopoulos V. Exercise and mental health. Maturitas. 2017 Dec;106:48-56. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003. Epub 2017 Sep 7. PMID 29150166
• Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Firth J, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Silva ES, Hallgren M, Ponce De Leon A, Dunn AL, Deslandes AC, Fleck MP, Carvalho AF, Stubbs B. Physical Activity and Incident Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Jul 1;175(7):631-648. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17111194. Epub 2018 Apr 25. PMID 29690792

Идентификаторы

NCT: NCT07092969 · 2 · 308-2025

Первоисточники (государственные реестры)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (NIH, США)

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