Effect of H.Pylori Infection on Growth Parameters

Undernutrition is caused by insufficient intake, malabsorption, inadequate utilization, and increased demand. There is a positive association between undernutrition and various infections. Chronic exposure to pathogens may affect nutrient absorption and increase nutrient consumption, Among many potential pathogens, chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection may be one cause of undernutrition. H. pylori is a gram-negative, helical, and microaerophilic bacterium, which colonizes gastric epithelial cells' surface. The mode of transmission of H. pylori is not known exactly, but the faecal-oral or oral-oral routes via water or food consumption are thought to be a very common cause. The frequency of H.pylori infection increases with age. The rate of development is higher in societies with low socioeconomic status .

The worldwide prevalence of H. pylori in children varies significantly, from 2.5% in Japan to 34.6% in Ethiopia. Gastric mucosal host factors, as well as environmental and virulence factors of the bacteria, are associated with the clinical outcome of H. pylori infection. it is closely related to chronic gastritis, dyspepsia, and chronic diarrhea. H pylori also remains an important risk factor for duodenal ulcers and duodenal and gastric erosions in children.A number of studies identified correlations of H pylori infection in children with a variety of gastrointestinal diseases including autoimmune gastritis and celiac disease. It also produces different biological effects on hormones such as ghrelin and leptin, which control both growth and appetite, causing changes in appetite and food intake, while causing changes in immunological symptoms and responses .H. pylori is a factor that causes malnutrition and growth retardation, due to malabsorption of nutrients and increased susceptibility to enteric infections, especially in developing countries .