A Pilot Study on App-based Treatment Combining Physical Exercise, Graded Activity, and Pain Journaling for Patients with Spinal Complaints

1. INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE

The incidence of spinal complaints is increasing in the ageing population. Back pain is amongst the conditions with the highest burden of disease in terms of years lived with disability (YLD), with a global lifetime prevalence of about 80%. The global prevalence of spine-related complaints is 9.4%, and this increases with age, reaching 19-23% by the age of 80. Besides age, spine-related disorders are also associated with a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Consequently, as the population ages and rates of obesity and physical inactivity increase, the number of patients with spine-related disorders is rising exponentially. Besides causing significant pain and impairment, spinal complaints also impose an economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide. This economic burden is reflected by considerable healthcare-related costs and indirect costs such as loss of productivity.

Traditional conservative interventions, such as physical therapy, pharmacological management, and lifestyle modifications are the most widely used modes of treatment for most spinal complaints, mainly back pain. It should be noted that there is conflicting evidence on the effect of most of these treatments, although there might be evidence for their effectiveness in the short term. It is apparent that physical therapy and lifestyle modifications focused on physical activity are the most successful options to achieve long term results.

The digital revolution in the healthcare sector, characterized by rapid proliferation of health apps, offers promising avenues for innovative treatment modalities. These app-based interventions have potential to deliver personalized treatment regimens, provide real-time feedback, and enhance patient engagement, from the convenience of a patient's mobile device. Another possible benefit of app-based treatments is the wide availability and scalability at relatively low costs, especially when compared to traditional treatments.

While these digital tools hold promise, there remains a critical need to assess their efficacy. Studies of healthcare apps in other fields have shown mixed results, with most indicating promising outcomes from app-based interventions, while some suggest only small benefits, like traditional treatment modalities.

The challenges highlighted above are also evident in daily clinical practice. Clinicians frequently encounter patients with spine-related complaints that do not require a specific treatment. In current practice, these patients are referred to the general practitioner with general lifestyle advice, advise on physical activity management, and sometimes physical therapy. The exact advice is often based on the physicians' preferences. The vast majority of these patients is not followed up by the physician, and data on the effectiveness of the general advise is thus lacking.

The investigators believe that an app-based treatment could address some of these barriers and provide meaningful support for a portion of the patient population. By offering standardized advice and guidance and fostering engagement through a convenient digital tool, an app-based interventions may empower patients to actively participate in their care. Moreover, a more standardized advice enables evaluation of the intervention. This study thus seeks to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the feasibility and efficacy of an app-based treatment for spinal complaints that do not require a specific intervention. 2. OBJECTIVES

Primary Objective:

To investigate the viability, feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of an app-based treatment combining physical exercise, graded activity, and pain journaling, by evaluating the patients' experience and satisfaction qualitatively, using semi-structured face-to-face interviews at three months follow-up in patients with spinal complaints who would receive physical therapy, general lifestyle advice, or an expectant treatment in current practice.

Secondary Objectives:

1. To assess change in quality of life, measured with the EuroQol 5 dimensions (EQ-5D-5L). 2. To assess the change in pain, measured with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). 3. To assess the change in disability, measured with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). 4. To assess the change in catastrophizing of pain, measured with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS). 5. To assess the change in lost productivity, measured with missed working days. 6. To assess healthcare consumption, measured in number of visits to doctor or paramedic. 7. To assess change in Body Mass Index, measured using patients' input on length and weight. 8. To evaluate the adherence of participants, measured using frequency of patients' input in the mobile application. 9. To evaluate the safety of the intervention, measured based on the occurrence of (serious) adverse events. Adverse events reported spontaneously by the subject or observed by the investigator or medical staff will be recorded.

Hypothesis:

An app-based treatment combining physical exercise, graded activity, and pain journaling is an effective, safe and feasible treatment option for the studied population.

3\. STUDY DESIGN

A prospective pilot study with a treatment and follow-up duration of three months will be conducted in Zuyderland Medical Centre Heerlen, the Netherlands. The follow-up period of three months is chosen, as it is deemed appropriate to allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the app's usability, acceptance, and initial efficacy in managing spinal complaints. Moreover, a short study period reduces recall bias in qualitative data. A longer follow-up period, e.g. one year, would provide more data on long-term effects, but is beyond the scope of this pilot study.

This study includes patients with spinal complaints who would receive physical exercise, general lifestyle advice, or an expectant treatment, in current practice and do not require another specific treatment or surgical intervention. Patients eligible for inclusion will be referred to the researchers. The researchers will inform the patient, and when they are willing to participate and meet the inclusion criteria, include them. Patients will provide informed consent when first logging into the treatment app.

4\. STUDY POPULATION 4.1 Population (base) Adult patients referred to the secondary spine-centre outpatient clinic suffering from spinal complaints are eligible to participate in the study. The treating clinicians will inform patients about the study. If patients are interested in participating, the patient will be referred to the researchers and receive the study information in writing. The researcher will then further inform the patient about the study verbally, and answer any remaining questions. The responsibility for determining each patient's suitability for participation in this study lies with the referring physician. The physician will evaluate whether the patient can safely engage with the app-based interventions, taking into account individual medical history, physical health, and any contraindications to physical activity. This evaluation ensures that each participant's medical needs and limitations are considered prior to inclusion, thereby supporting safe and effective use of the app's exercise recommendations.

4.2 Inclusion criteria

* Patients visiting the spine-centre at Zuyderland Medical Centre. * Suffering from spinal complaints for which in current practice physical therapy, general lifestyle advice, or an expectant treatment would be advised. * Minimum age of 18 years. * Psychosocially, mentally, and physically able to fully comply with this study protocol. * Informed consent prior to this study.

4.3 Exclusion criteria

* Requiring a specific intervention (e.g., surgery, pain treatment, rehabilitation, bracing) * Inadequate command of the Dutch language. * Digitally illiterate or otherwise unable to use an application on a mobile phone. * Active spinal infection. * Immature bone (ongoing growth). * Active malignancy. * Pregnancy.

4.4 Sample size calculation This study seeks to include 30 patients. This sample size has been chosen to allow for a comprehensive evaluation of the app's usability, acceptance, and initial efficacy in managing spinal complaints. By engaging this cohort, the investigators aim to gather valuable insights to determining the feasibility of proceeding with a larger-scale clinical trial. Additionally, findings derived from this group will allow adjustments and refinements to the app's functionalities.

5\. TREATMENT OF SUBJECTS 5.1 Investigational product/treatment The app-based treatment consists of a combination of physical exercise, graded activity, and pain journaling. The app will be installed on the participant's mobile device. The app will be used anonymously, and patients use their unique study code to activate the app.

The content and user-interface of the app-based treatment were developed in collaboration with healthcare professionals for relevant medical specialties, including orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, neurology, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation. The content is based on expert opinion from these fields. Additionally, there is scientific evidence indicating that the treatments used within the app are safe and effective. The app has been tested for usability and functionality by both professionals and laypersons, including individuals with back pain. Based on the experience of the involved professionals, it was decided not to include muscle-strengthening exercises in the app. This decision was made because, for some patients, muscle-strengthening exercises may be overly strenuous without contributing to recovery, and they may even have counterproductive effects. Furthermore, as these exercises are performed without the direct supervision or control of a physical therapist, including muscle-strengthening exercises would have too great an impact on the "one-size-fits-most" design of the study.

Physical exercise

Patients are instructed to perform several stretches daily. It is advised to perform each stretch for 20-30 seconds. Patients will receive information on how to properly perform these stretches through text, images, and optional videos. The included stretches are:

1. Cat-cow stretch or a combination of pelvic tilts and knees to chest stretch. 2. Seated or standing hamstring stretch. 3. Kneeling or standing hip flexor stretch. 4. Seated or lying thoracic rotations.

Graded activity In the graded activity section of the app, patients chose either walking or bicycling, based on their own preferences. Both graded activity programs have the same structure. The program starts with a baseline self-assessment. Patients determine how many minutes they can perform the activity before the pain reaches VAS 7 (significant pain). This number of minutes is then applied in the graded activity program. Pain scores are monitored during and after activity.

Frequency: Once every day. If the duration of the activity exceeds 10 minutes, the frequency is adjusted to once every two days.

Duration: Start with a duration that 70% of the baseline assessment. For instance, if the patient can walk for 10 minutes before pain intensifies to a level at which the patient has to stop, start with 7 minutes.

Pain Score Monitoring: If the planned activity is not reached due to pain, the duration of activity is not adjusted.

Incremental Increase: Increase the duration by 10% after each activity without significant pain, with a minimal increase of one minute.

Steady State: If the patient is able to walk for longer than half an hour without significant pain, no adjustments are made.

Pain Journaling

The app incorporates pain and symptom journaling. The app uses graphics to provide patients with insight on the symptoms, exercise frequency and activity. The following components are included:

1. Daily: Exercises logging, VAS back pain score \& analgesics used (paracetamol,

• Secondary outcome, Quality of Life [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Secondary outcome, pain [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Secondary outcome, disablity [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Secondary outcome, productivity [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Secondary outcome, BMI [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Secondary outcome, healthcare consumption [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Secondary outcome, adherence [Срок оценки: 3 months]
• Secondary outcome, safety [Срок оценки: 3 months]