Cerebello-motor Neuromodulation After Stroke. CERSTIM.

Neuromodulation, by the means of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation techniques, is a promising method to enhance motor recovery of the upper limb following a stroke. However, none of these techniques have yet been effectively transferred to the patient's bedside. An international group of experts has examined this issue, identifying barriers that need to be overcome for successful transferability. Among their findings, two were particularly emphasized: (i) the insufficient characterization of the mechanisms through which these stimulations are effective, and (ii) the comparison of stimulation parameters before moving on to larger samples. We have decided to use this model to study tACS (transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation) on the cerebellomotor network.

The choice of tACS is justified by (i) its ability to "entrain" a neural network through its oscillations, (ii) its innovative nature, and (iii) its "wearable" characteristic, making it quickly transferable. The choice of the cerebellomotor network is based on literature data showing that (i) the cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor learning in healthy individuals (which is one of the substrates of post-stroke recovery), and (ii) cerebellomotor synchronization is a good prognostic indicator for the recovery of hand motor function.

In light of these findings, we have decided to conduct a pathophysiological, bi-centric study to determine the cerebral mechanisms by which tACS acts on the cerebellomotor network. Three single sessions of tACS, each lasting 20 minutes, will be conducted 7-15 days apart, with a different frequency (50 or 70 Hz, corresponding to gamma oscillations) or a placebo frequency known as "sham." To understand the cerebral mechanisms, we will use Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Electroencephalography (EEG). We will also examine a behavioral motor adaptation task on a tablet. The order in which the three frequencies are applied will be randomized This study will include 30 patients and 15 healthy subjects. The patients will be individuals who have suffered a stroke more than 6 months ago, resulting in a hand deficit without complete paralysis. The healthy controls will serve as a reference for mechanisms and imaging/electrophysiology data.

We hypothesize the following: The mechanisms involved following cerebellomotor stimulation could include a modification of brain rhythms in the beta or gamma band during movement, an increase in activity in the primary motor cortex, or a change in the excitation-inhibition balance between the cerebellum and the primary motor cortex, or directly at the level of the primary motor cortex. These different mechanisms may vary depending on the frequency used.

This research is part of the NEUROTECH Impulse Program managed by INSERM.

• comparison between activation in the primary motor cortex and cerebellum using functional magnetic Resonance with the 50 Htz versus the 70 Htz frequency [Срок оценки: [Time Frame: within 1 hour before and after the intervention]]
• change in functional connectivity between the primary motor cortex and cerebellum using functional magnetic Resonance [Срок оценки: [Time Frame: within 1 hour before and after the intervention]]
• change in functional connectivity using EEG after intervention and comparison between frequencies of tACS [Срок оценки: [Time Frame: within 1 hour before and after the intervention]]
• change in behaviour after intervention and comparison between frequencies of tACS [Срок оценки: [Time Frame: within 1 hour before and after the intervention]]
• comparison of the prespecified patients outcome with those of healthy subjects [Срок оценки: [Time Frame: within 1 hour before and after the intervention]]