Low-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B for Invasive Fungal Infection Prophylaxis in Neutropenic Children
For patients and families
In plain language
An automatic summary of structured registry data. It is an orientation aid, not a substitute for the official protocol or a physician assessment.
- What is being studied
- The protocol lists: Liposomal Amphotericin B (LAmB).
- Who it may be relevant to
- Registry conditions: Thalassemia, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Neutropenia, Invasive Fungal Infections. Basic parameters: 3 years — 17 years · All.
- What needs checking
- Age, condition and sex are only basic indicators. Prior treatment, laboratory values and other mandatory requirements appear in the eligibility criteria below.
- Where it takes place
- China
- Next step
- Save the trial, show it to the treating physician, and confirm current recruitment with the study center. Costs, documents and travel →
Unsure about the terms? Read our patient guide →
Official title
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Liposomal Amphotericin B in Prophylaxis of Invasive Fungal Infections Among Children With Prolonged Neutropenia: A Clinical Study
Overview
This is a single-center, single-arm, observational clinical study evaluating the efficacy and safety of low-dose liposomal amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/day, intravenous, once daily) for the prevention of invasive fungal infections in children aged 3-17 years with hematological malignancies who develop prolonged neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count ≤ 0.5×10\^9/L, expected to last \> 7 days) and are at high risk for invasive fungal disease. Participants are those who, per the treating physician's routine clinical decision, have been initiated on liposomal amphotericin B prophylaxis at 1 mg/kg/day due to intolerance or toxicity to other antifungal agents. The primary outcome is the incidence of proven or probable invasive fungal disease. Secondary outcomes include incidence of pneumonia, persistent unexplained fever \>4 days, use of additional systemic antifungal therapy, and adverse events. A total of 30 participants will be enrolled. Data will be collected at baseline, during treatment, and within 7 days after treatment completion.
Detailed description
Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a serious and life-threatening infection caused by pathogenic fungi such as Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucorales, commonly affecting immunocompromised patients with hematological malignancies and those undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The incidence of IFD has increased significantly in recent years due to the use of intensive chemotherapy and immunosuppressive agents, which result in prolonged and profound neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count \< 500/μL for ≥10 days). Effective antifungal prophylaxis is a critical strategy to reduce IFD-related morbidity and mortality in this high-risk population.
Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent with potent activity against most pathogenic fungi, including azole-resistant strains such as certain Aspergillus and Mucorales species. It is recommended by multiple guidelines as a first-line treatment for candidemia, invasive aspergillosis, and mucormycosis. However, its optimal prophylactic dosing regimen remains unclear, with published studies using widely varying regimens ranging from fixed low-dose (e.g., 50 mg every other day) to intermittent high-dose schedules (e.g., 5 mg/kg twice weekly).
This study proposes a novel prophylactic regimen of L-AmB at a fixed low dose of 50 mg/day (approximately 1 mg/kg/day) administered intravenously once daily. This regimen is designed to provide sustained, continuous drug exposure throughout the high-risk neutropenic period, potentially offering superior protection compared to intermittent high-dose schedules while maintaining a favorable safety profile.
This is a single-center, single-arm, observational clinical study. Participants will be children aged 3-17 years with hematological malignancies who meet the NCCN 2025 V1 guideline criteria for high-risk IFD, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation with mucosal damage, acute leukemia, grade 3/4 graft-versus-host disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, or other conditions with expected neutropenia \>7 days. Participants must have been initiated on L-AmB prophylaxis at 1 mg/kg/day by the treating physician in routine clinical practice due to intolerance or toxicity to other antifungal agents. Key exclusion criteria include prior proven/probable IFD, active fungal infection at screening, significant hypokalemia, severe hepatic or renal impairment, and NYHA Class III/IV heart failure.
A total of 30 participants will be enrolled. Data will be collected at three time points: baseline (Day -3 to 0), treatment period (from Day 1 until the end of L-AmB therapy), and follow-up (within 7 days after treatment completion). Assessments include complete blood counts, serum biochemistry, imaging (chest CT), microbiological tests (G/GM tests, blood cultures, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cultures or NGS), and recording of neutropenia episodes, fever, pneumonia, and adverse events. IFD diagnosis will be classified according to the Sixth Revised Edition of the Diagnostic Criteria and Treatment Principles for Invasive Fungal Disease in Patients with Hematological Malignancies.
The primary outcome is the incidence of proven or probable IFD. Secondary outcomes include: (1) incidence of pneumonia with no identified pathogen; (2) proportion of patients with persistent unexplained fever \>4 days; (3) proportion of patients requiring additional systemic antifungal therapy; (4) discontinuation rate due to adverse effects or intolerance; and (5) incidence of adverse events graded according to CTCAE Version 5.0.
The study is expected to enroll patients from February 2026 to February 2027, with final data collection and analysis completed by March 2027. This study is approved by the institutional ethics committee and will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants or their legal representatives.
Interventions
- Drug Liposomal Amphotericin B (LAmB)
Liposomal amphotericin B at 1 mg/kg/day, administered intravenously once daily, for antifungal prophylaxis in children with prolonged neutropenia. Liposomal amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum polyene antifungal agent with activity against most pathogenic fungi, including Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucorales species. The liposomal formulation reduces nephrotoxicity compared to conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate while maintaining equivalent antifungal activity.
Primary outcome measures
- Incidence of Proven or Probable Invasive Fungal Disease [Time frame: From baseline to 7 days after the end of antifungal prophylaxis treatment]
Secondary outcome measures (5)
- Incidence of Pneumonia With No Identified Pathogen [Time frame: From baseline to 7 days after the end of antifungal prophylaxis treatment]
- Proportion of Participants With Persistent Unexplained Fever >4 Days [Time frame: From baseline to 7 days after the end of antifungal prophylaxis treatment]
- Proportion of Participants Requiring Additional Systemic Antifungal Therapy [Time frame: From baseline to 7 days after the end of antifungal prophylaxis treatment]
- Discontinuation Rate of Liposomal Amphotericin B Due to Adverse Effects or Intolerance [Time frame: Throughout the treatment period (from Day 1 to the end of liposomal amphotericin B therapy)]
- Incidence of Adverse Events [Time frame: From baseline to 7 days after the end of antifungal prophylaxis treatment]
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria
- Age 3 to 17 years (inclusive), both sexes.
- Meets NCCN 2025 V1 guideline criteria for high-risk invasive fungal disease, including allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation with mucosal damage, acute leukemia, grade 3/4 graft-versus-host disease, myelodysplastic syndrome, lymphoma(a), multiple myeloma(a), chronic lymphocytic leukemia(a), treatment with purine analogues (fludarabine, clofarabine, nelarabine), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, alemtuzumab therapy, with expected neutropenia >7 days(b) and accompanied by agranulocytosis.
Note (a): For these heterogeneous diseases, myeloablative therapy must be met; if neutropenia >7 days is not met, the patient should be excluded.
Note (b): Agranulocytosis is defined as absolute neutrophil count ≤0.5×10\^9/L, or absolute neutrophil count ≤1×10\^9/L with expected decline to ≤0.5×10\^9/L within 48 hours.
- Assessed by the study physician as having high-risk for invasive fungal infection, intolerant or unable to use other antifungal agents due to toxicity or other reasons, and the treating physician has independently decided in routine clinical practice to initiate liposomal amphotericin B for antifungal prophylaxis for 3-5 days, with the selected dosage regimen of 1 mg/kg/day, intravenous, once daily.
- Patient or legally authorized representative has voluntarily signed the informed consent form.
Exclusion criteria
- Allergy to any component of liposomal amphotericin B, or development of serious adverse events during the initial 3-5 days of prophylactic use.
- Prior history of proven or probable invasive fungal disease (IFD).
- Presence of pneumonia, unexplained fever, or clinical/imaging evidence suggestive of or diagnosed as fungal infection during screening.
- Clinically significant hypokalemia (defined as serum potassium <3.2 mmol/L, or below the lower limit of normal while receiving digitalis therapy) that cannot be corrected before starting trial treatment.
- Hepatic dysfunction with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥5× upper limit of normal (ULN), or total bilirubin ≥3× ULN.
- Renal impairment requiring or currently undergoing hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
- New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III/IV heart failure.
- Positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody or Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA).
- Expected survival <3 months.
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women, or women of childbearing potential who are not using contraception and planning pregnancy.
- Any other condition that the investigator considers inappropriate for participation in the clinical trial.
Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.
Healthy volunteers: No
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
Study locations
China · 1 center
- Haikou Affiliated Hospital of Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine — Haikou
Identifiers
NCT: NCT07725263 · SC20260053