Blood Tests for Alzheimer's Disease: Can Plasma Biomarkers Diagnose and Predict Disease Progression
For patients and families
In plain language
An automatic summary of structured registry data. It is an orientation aid, not a substitute for the official protocol or a physician assessment.
- What is being studied
- The protocol lists: Annual blood draw for plasma biomarker measurement.
- Who it may be relevant to
- Registry conditions: Alzheimer Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Subjective Cognitive Decline, Dementia. Basic parameters: from 40 years · All.
- What needs checking
- Age, condition and sex are only basic indicators. Prior treatment, laboratory values and other mandatory requirements appear in the eligibility criteria below.
- Where it takes place
- Italy
- Next step
- Save the trial, show it to the treating physician, and confirm current recruitment with the study center. Costs, documents and travel →
Unsure about the terms? Read our patient guide →
Official title
The Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Plasma Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease
Overview
BLAD is a prospective, monocentric, observational epidemiological study with an additional procedure (annual blood draw) evaluating the diagnostic and prognostic performance of plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a large cohort of patients attending the Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD) at IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy. 2000 patients will be enrolled and followed annually for 5 years. A validation sub-study (150 patients) will compare plasma biomarkers against CSF biomarkers as the gold standard. The study aims to establish plasma biomarkers as a less invasive and more cost-effective alternative to CSF analysis and amyloid-PET for the diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
Detailed description
In light of the possible advent of disease-modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD), reliable biomarkers have been developed in recent years to define the presence of AD pathology at the brain level. The current biological gold standards are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (CSF-Abeta40, CSF-Abeta42, CSF-pTau, CSF-NfL) and amyloid-PET. Both methods have excellent diagnostic properties but are costly and invasive, limiting their use outside of highly specialized centers.
Plasma biomarkers (plasma-Abeta40, plasma-Abeta42, plasma-pTau-181, plasma-NfL, plasma-ApoE, plasma-ApoE4, plasma-GFAP, plasma-sTREM2, and other plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers) represent a potentially less invasive and more economically accessible alternative. Recent studies have shown that plasma biomarkers can differentiate AD from other neurodegenerative disorders with accuracy comparable to CSF and PET, detect AD pathology in MCI patients, and predict future development of AD dementia in patients with SCD or MCI. However, more research is needed before their widespread use in clinical practice.
The BLAD study is designed as a monocentric, prospective, observational epidemiological study with an additional procedure (annual blood draw for 5 years) and a diagnostic accuracy sub-study (not device-based).
Patients will be recruited among those attending the Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD) at IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital during routine clinical practice. All enrolled patients will undergo annual blood sampling for 5 years in addition to standard clinical assessments.
A sub-population of 150 patients who undergo lumbar puncture as part of their routine diagnostic workup will enter the validation sub-study. Only those whose CSF biomarkers confirm a biological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease will continue follow-up; others will exit the sub-study.
The equipment for plasma biomarker measurement (CE-marked medical device) and laboratory kits will be provided on free loan by Fujirebio. No clinical or laboratory data will be shared with Fujirebio.
Statistical analyses will include: log-rank test to compare time to AD development between groups above and below the biomarker threshold; linear stepwise regression models, linear mixed-effects models, and multivariable Cox models to assess the prognostic value of plasma biomarkers; longitudinal generalized linear models for repeated measures or Wilcoxon test to assess biomarker dynamics over time. For the validation sub-study, ROC curve analysis will be performed to assess accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of plasma biomarkers against CSF gold standard.
Interventions
- Procedure Annual blood draw for plasma biomarker measurement
A blood sample is collected once per year for 5 years (additional procedure beyond standard clinical care) for measurement of plasma biomarkers including: Abeta40, Abeta42, Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio, pTau-181, NfL, ApoE, ApoE4, GFAP, sTREM2, and other plasma neurodegeneration biomarkers. Blood draw is a routine clinical procedure with no specific contraindications. The only possible side effect is local hematoma at the puncture site. Plasma biomarker measurement is performed using a CE-marked medica
Primary outcome measures
- Time to progression to all-cause dementia in MCI patients (primary prognostic endpoint) [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
Secondary outcome measures (9)
- Change in MMSE score over time [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Conversion from MCI to Alzheimer's disease dementia [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Longitudinal change in plasma Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Longitudinal change in plasma pTau-181 levels [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Longitudinal change in plasma NfL levels [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Longitudinal change in plasma GFAP levels [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Longitudinal change in plasma sTREM2 levels [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Longitudinal change in plasma Abeta40 levels [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
- Longitudinal change in plasma Abeta42 levels [Time frame: Annually from baseline up to 5 years]
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion Criteria (main study and sub-study):
- Age greater than or equal to 40 years (patients of childbearing age are admitted).
- Subjective or objective cognitive complaints, progressive in nature and of suspected neurodegenerative origin.
- Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score greater than or equal to 18.
Additional inclusion criterion for the validation sub-study:
- Availability of CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease within 6 months of the blood draw.
Exclusion Criteria (main study):
- Secondary forms of cognitive impairment based on medical history, neurological examination, and neuroimaging findings.
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding.
- Rapidly progressive cognitive decline occurring over weeks or months, typically indicative of prion disease, neoplasia, or metabolic disorders.
- Subjects who require a legal guardian or tutor.
Exclusion Criteria (validation sub-study):
- Secondary forms of cognitive impairment based on medical history, neurological examination, and neuroimaging findings.
- Pregnancy.
- Rapidly progressive cognitive decline occurring over weeks or months, typically indicative of prion disease, neoplasia, or metabolic disorders.
- Subjects who are unable to give informed consent and require a legal guardian or tutor.
Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.
Healthy volunteers: No
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
Study locations
Italy · 1 center
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele - Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center (CDCD) — Milan
Identifiers
NCT: NCT07717567 · BLAD