Impact of Plyometric Training Methods on Athletic Performance and Detraining Processes in Youth Female Soccer Players

Overview

Lower extremity strength, explosive power, dynamic balance, and functional range of motion are critical determinants of athletic performance and injury prevention in soccer (football). While plyometric training is widely used to improve these qualities, the comparative effects of bodyweight plyometric training versus externally loaded plyometric training, and the maintenance of these effects during detraining periods, remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of two different plyometric training methods on athletic performance and subsequent detraining processes in young female soccer players. Participants will be randomly assigned to three groups: Bodyweight Plyometric Training Group (BW-PT), External Loading Plyometric Training Group (EL-PT, who will wear vests weighing 10% of their body weight), and Control Group (CG, who will only continue with routine soccer training). Training interventions will be conducted for 6 weeks, immediately followed by a 4-week detraining period. To comprehensively assess athletic performance, the following measurements will be taken at baseline (pre-test), immediately after the training period (post-test), and after the detraining period (maintenance test): Isokinetic muscle strength of knee extensors and flexors (peak torque and force development rate at 60°/s and 120°/s), Jumping performance (standing long jump, vertical jump height, and 15-second repeated jump test), Functional range of motion (via Functional Movement Screen - FMS), Dynamic balance (via Y-Balance Test). The primary objective is to determine which plyometric loading strategy, compared to traditional soccer training, provides superior and longer-lasting physiological and biomechanical adaptations in young female athletes.

Interventions

• Other Body-Weight Plyometrics
  A structured plyometric training program performed twice a week for six weeks. Exercises include various jumps and bounds using only the participant's body weight. Each session lasts approximately 30 minutes.
• Other Additional Loaded Plyometric
  A structured plyometric training program performed twice a week for six weeks. Participants will wear a weighted vest equivalent to 10% of their body weight during the exercises. Each session lasts approximately 30 minutes.
• Other Routine Football Training
  Participants in this group will continue to perform their standard, routine football training sessions. They will not receive any additional or structured plyometric training program during the intervention period.

Primary outcome measures

• Absolute Peak Torque (APT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• Relative Peak Torque (RPT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• Time to Peak Torque (TPT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• Average Peak Torque (AvPT) of Knee Extensors and Flexors [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• Average Rate of Force Development (AvRFD) of Knee Extensors and Flexors [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• Vertical Jump Height (VJH) [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• Standing Long Jump (SLJ) Distance [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• 15-Second Repeated Jump Test: Average Power (RJ15s-AP) [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• 15-Second Repeated Jump Test: Flight Time (RJ15s-FT) [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• 15-Second Repeated Jump Test: Number of Jumps (N-RJ15s) [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]

Secondary outcome measures (2)

• Functional Movement Capacity [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]
• Dynamic Balance and Neuromuscular Control [Time frame: Baseline (Week 0), immediately post-training (Week 6), and after the detraining period (2nd and 4th week).]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• No history of surgery due to musculoskeletal injuries within the past 6 months.
• No use of ergogenic supplements within the past 3 months.
• Regular participation in routine team training sessions for at least 2 months prior to the study.

Exclusion criteria

• History of any recent injury requiring a recovery period of more than one week.
• Use of ergogenic aids or nutritional supplements during the intervention period.
• Missing two consecutive or four non-consecutive training sessions during the study period.
• Participation in additional structured physical training or exercises outside of the routine team practices and the study protocol.

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: Yes

Study design

Allocation

Randomized

Model

Parallel assignment

Masking

Open label

Primary purpose

Basic science

Study locations

Turkey (Türkiye) · 1 center

• Pamukkale University, Faculty of Sport Sciences — Denizli

Identifiers

NCT: NCT07705087 · E-60116787-020-811428 · 2026TAP009

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗