Neuroscience-Based Exercise Training in Female Volleyball Players

Official title

Effect of Neuroscience-Based Exercise Training on Cortical Activation, Focus, and Performance in Professional Female Volleyball Players

Overview

24 volunteer professional female volleyball players (aged 16-21), licensed in the Turkish Volleyball Federation (TVF) Women's Volleyball League 2 and 3, will be included in the study. Participants will be randomized into intervention (n=12) and control (n=12) groups using www.randomizer.org. The intervention group will receive an 8-week (3 days/week) neuro-athletic exercise training program, including eye warm-up exercises and volleyball-specific visual and motor coordination stations, in addition to their regular training. The control group will continue with regular training only. Both groups will have equal total training time. Visual attention and decision-making strategies will be measured with a wearable eye-tracking system (Pupil Labs Invisible) during a serve task. Cortical activation (oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin levels) in the frontal cortex during the same serve task will be measured simultaneously with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Sport-specific physical fitness will be evaluated with the T-Agility Test, radar gun serve speed measurement, VERT wearable jump analysis system, Y-Balance Test, and sit-and-reach test. All assessments will be conducted before training begins and after the 8-week program. The study aims to determine whether neuro-athletic exercise training improves cortical activation, visual attention, decision-making processes, and sport-specific physical fitness parameters in professional female volleyball players, compared to a control group receiving regular training only.

Detailed description

Volleyball requires high-level cognitive and physical performance, including agility, decision-making, and motor coordination, often performed under time pressure. Neuro-athletic training is an emerging approach that integrates neurofeedback techniques with sport-specific exercises, targeting cognitive and motor functions through neuroplasticity-based principles. This approach aims to improve afferent and efferent neural system coordination, sensory processing, and motor control, which may translate into improved athletic performance and reduced injury risk.

This study investigates the effect of an 8-week neuro-athletic exercise training program on cortical activation, visual attention, decision-making processes, and sport-specific physical fitness in professional female volleyball players, using a randomized, controlled, parallel-group design.

A total of 24 female volleyball players, licensed in the Turkish Volleyball Federation (TVF) Women's Volleyball League 2 and League 3, aged 16-21 years, will be randomly allocated into an intervention group (n=12) and a control group (n=12) using www.randomizer.org. Sample size was determined using G\*Power software (independent samples t-test, between-group comparison) with 95% power, 0.05 type-1 error, and a high effect size (f=0.75), with a 20% margin added to account for potential dropout.

The intervention group will receive a structured neuro-athletic exercise training program, 3 days per week for 8 weeks, added to their regular volleyball training as a warm-up component. The program includes eye warm-up exercises (eye massage, palming) and volleyball-specific visual-motor coordination stations: Saccade and Anti-Saccade stations, Smart Optometry station, Brock String, Star Chart station, and Pinhole Glasses Small Area Game. The control group will continue their regular training, warm-up, and cool-down routine without additional intervention. Total training time will be kept equal between groups to prevent differences in overall training load.

All participants will be assessed before the intervention begins and after the 8-week program. Primary assessments include:

Eye-tracking (Pupil Labs Invisible wearable system) to evaluate visual attention, gaze fixation, and visual search strategies during a serve task.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure frontal cortex oxygenated (HbO) and deoxygenated (HbR) hemoglobin levels simultaneously during the same serve task, comparing pre-task, during-task, and post-task signal changes.

Secondary assessments include sport-specific physical fitness parameters:

T-Agility Test (agility, change of direction, coordination), with reaction time recorded via BlazePod integrated lights.

Serve speed, measured using a radar gun (Bushnell Velocity Speed Gun). Vertical jump performance (jump height, peak velocity, landing force), measured using the VERT wearable jump analysis system.

Y-Balance Test (dynamic balance and proprioception). Sit-and-Reach Test (lumbar and hamstring flexibility).

Interventions

• Behavioral Exercise
  An 8-week (3 days/week) structured program added to regular training, combining: (1) eye warm-up exercises (eye massage, palming) and (2) volleyball-specific visual-motor coordination stations, including Saccade, Anti-Saccade, and Smart Optometry stations (targeting visual tracking, reaction speed, and eye-hand coordination), Brock String (depth perception and eye-hand coordination), Star Chart station (visual scanning and spatial awareness), and Pinhole Glasses Small Area Game (restricted perip

Primary outcome measures

• Functional near-infrared spectroscopy [Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks]
• Pupil Lab Invisible Eye Tracker [Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks]

Secondary outcome measures (5)

• T-Agility Test [Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks]
• Serve Speed [Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks]
• Vertical Jump Performance [Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks]
• Y-Balance Test [Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks]
• Sit-and-Reach Test [Time frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Licensed female volleyball player in the Turkish Volleyball Federation (TVF) Women's Volleyball League 2 or League 3
• Aged between 16 and 21 years
• Actively participating in the sport for at least 3 years

Exclusion criteria

• Any history of musculoskeletal surgery
• An injury within the last 3 months that prevented participation in training or competition
• Any diagnosed visual impairment, visual function disorder, or vestibular system-related problem

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: Yes

Study design

Allocation

Randomized

Model

Parallel assignment

Masking

Open label

Primary purpose

Basic science

Study locations

Turkey (Türkiye) · 1 center

• Istinye University Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Practice and Research Center — Istanbul

Publications

• Soylu, C.; Altundag, E. Rewiring for Victory: Neuro-Athletic Training Enhances Flexibility, Serve Speed, and Upper Limb Performance in Elite Volleyball Players-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 11102. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311102

Identifiers

NCT: NCT07676630 · 2026/43

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗