A Theory-based Sleep Hygiene Education for Insomnia Disorder

Insomnia is a prevalent sleep disorder associated with substantial adverse health consequences, including fatigue, irritability, and impaired daytime functioning. Although effective pharmacological (e.g., hypnotics) and psychological treatments (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, CBT-I) are available, both local and international surveys indicate that fewer than 50% of individuals with insomnia seek treatment. This treatment gap underscores the need for effective non-pharmacological interventions that are both accessible and acceptable.

Sleep hygiene education (SHE) represents a potentially suitable approach to address this unmet need. SHE is an educational intervention encompassing a range of lifestyle and environmental recommendations to optimize sleep quality and duration. These include maintaining a regular sleep-wake schedule, avoiding substances such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol, limiting daytime napping and stimulating activities before bedtime, optimizing the sleep environment, and adopting appropriate dietary and exercise habits etc. Given its simplicity, low cost, accessibility, and ease of delivery and adoption, SHE holds promise as a non-pharmacological strategy for insomnia management.

Despite these advantages, SHE is not typically recommended as a stand-alone treatment for individuals with sleep problems, as it is often perceived to be less effective than CBT-I or mindfulness-based interventions, with consistently small effect sizes reported. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution. In many previous studies, SHE has primarily been used as a passive control condition to account for nonspecific treatment effects, thereby underexploiting its active therapeutic potential. Moving SHE beyond a simple advice-giving modality to a structured, theory-informed approach may optimize its effectiveness by ensuring its content is informative and promising. Integrating SHE with established behavior change techniques may better equip individuals with the skills needed to initiate and sustain meaningful behavioral change.

Building on our previously registered pilot-testing protocol, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a theory-based SHE program integrated with behavior change techniques in a larger community sample. In addition, it remains unclear whether theory-based SHE is inferior to gold-standard interventions such as digitally delivered CBT-I. This study will also examine whether a theory-based SHE program is a cost-effective approach for reducing insomnia severity in adults with insomnia disorder compared with a CBT-I app and a no-intervention control. To address these objectives, a three-arm randomized controlled trial will be conducted to compare the relative effectiveness of these interventions.

• Sleep Onset Latency Measured By Sleep Diary [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]
• Wake After Sleep Onset Measured By Sleep Diary [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]
• Sleep Efficiency Measured By Sleep Diary [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]
• Total Sleep Time Measured By Sleep Diary [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]
• The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [Time frame: Baseline, week 6, week 12 and week 24]
• The Short-Form Six Dimensions (SF-6D) [Time frame: Baseline, week 6, week 12 and week 24]
• Sleep Onset Latency Measured By Actigraphy [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]
• Wake After Sleep Onset Measured By Actigraphy [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]
• Sleep Efficiency Measured By Actigraphy [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]
• Total Sleep Time Measured By Actigraphy [Time frame: 7 consecutive nights before each assessment time point (i.e., baseline, week 6, week 12, and week 24)]