Supporting Treatment Access and Recovery in Re-entry (STAR-R)

Individuals with substance use and mental health conditions (COD) are overrepresented in criminal legal (CL) settings, including jails with 50% having a COD. Compared to having a single disorder, those with a COD have more serious criminal histories, childhood traumas, reincarceration, suicide, homelessness, unemployment, poor treatment engagement, and a tenfold increased risk of overdosing within 3 months of release. While treatments exist to address mental health, substance use, CL prosocial thinking, and social determinants of health (SDOH) needs separately, there is an absence of comprehensive re-entry approaches that address these needs simultaneously, which can result in care fragmentation, poor treatment engagement, relapses, and a vicious cycle of reincarceration. Maintaining Independence and Sobriety through Systems Integration, Outreach, and Networking-Criminal Justice version (MISSION-CJ) is a promising, cross-disciplinary multicomponent intervention, offering 6 months of COD treatment, prosocial and recovery services, and assertive outreach. Four MISSION-CJ open pilots demonstrated increased treatment engagement, improved behavioral health outcomes, and reduced recidivism for clients with a COD. The investigators also have a MISSION-CJ Manual, Workbook, Treatment Planning Tool, and Fidelity Measure and are ready to test them in this RCT. In response to RFA-DA-25-062, the proposed 5-year study, "Supporting Treatment Access and Recovery in Re-entry (STAR-R)," will randomize 240 people with COD to MISSION-CJ or Peer Linkage Support (PLS). Study aims include Aim 1: Compared to PLS, those receiving MISSION-CJ are hypothesized to show: (1a) greater engagement in treatment (measured by total days participated in each condition), and total community provider linkages sessions); (1b) Reduced substance use (measured by self-report use days); reduced overdose risk (measured by self-report Overdose Risk Questionnaire) / overdoses (self-report and corroborated with surveillance data); and reduced mental health symptoms (measured by self-report mental health symptoms); (1c) less CL recidivism (measured by fewer days in jail and fewer numbers of arrests). Aim 2: Examine mechanisms impacting Aim 1 outcomes. Treatment effects will be mediated by: (i) recidivism risk; (ii) increased affiliations with prosocial peers; (iii) reduced affiliations with antisocial peers; and (iv) increased community integration; and will be moderated by demographic factors and COD severity. Aim 3: To conduct a comprehensive economic evaluation that will (i) estimate the full implementation (start-up and ongoing) costs associated with MISSION-CJ and PLS, and (ii) evaluate the cost-effectiveness of MISSION-CJ compared to PLS, from the healthcare system and societal perspectives. Aim 4. To examine facilitators and barriers of MISSION-CJ implementation via qualitative interviews with participants (n=20) and staff (N=12). This application is responsive to NIDA priorities by proposing to improve treatment within the CL system, and to optimize continuity of care post incarceration, and the JCOIN goals of addressing the intersection of the CL system and the community-based healthcare system.

• Self-reported Substance Use [Time frame: Measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12-months post enrollment]
• Overdose Risk [Time frame: Measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12-months post enrollment.]
• Overdoses from substances [Time frame: Self reported overdoses measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12-months post enrollment. Surveillance data will be captured in a one time data request from the MA PHDW post-enrollment.]
• Mental Health Symptoms [Time frame: Measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12-months post enrollment]
• Recidivism Risk [Time frame: Measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12-months post enrollment]
• Current Recidivism [Time frame: One time data extract at study conclusion to see if any participants are currently incarcerated.]
• Recidivism [Time frame: One time data extract from MA PHDW at the conclusion of the study.]
• Recidivism [Time frame: One time data extract from MA PHDW at the conclusion of the study.]
• Recidivism [Time frame: One time data extract at the conclusion of the study.]
• Recidivism [Time frame: One time data extract at the conclusion of the study.]
• Mental Health Symptoms: Trauma Symptoms [Time frame: Measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, 12-months post enrollment]
• Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs): health [Time frame: Measured at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12-months post enrollment]