Central Sensitization, Work-Related Stress, and Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Desk-Based Workers With and Without Migraine

Official title

Central Sensitization, Work-Related Stress, and Musculoskeletal Symptoms in Desk-Based Workers With and Without Migraine: A Cross-Sectional Study

Overview

Migraine is a common neurological disease causing significant disability worldwide, with an estimated global prevalence of 14.4%. It represents a significant individual and societal burden, particularly for working-age individuals, as it can significantly impact work performance, productivity, and daily living activities. Migraine is not merely a headache; it is characterized by increased excitability of neurons in the central nervous system, leading to hypersensitivity to pain. Central sensory mechanisms are thought to play a role in the pathophysiology and chronicity of migraine, causing increased pain sensitivity, allodynia, and potentially related to musculoskeletal pain. Furthermore, psychosocial factors and work stress have been identified as significant factors associated with both headaches and musculoskeletal pain. Literature indicates that neck pain is common in individuals with migraine headaches; in fact, neck pain is twice as frequent in patients with chronic migraine headaches compared to those with episodic migraine. While evidence regarding back pain is limited, it has been shown that individuals with chronic headaches report back pain more frequently. In modern work environments, sedentary work and prolonged computer use are increasing. Prolonged sitting, improper ergonomics, and repetitive movements are considered significant risk factors for musculoskeletal problems. This can lead to pain and functional limitations, particularly in the neck, shoulders, and back. Although there has been an increase in working from home, especially after the pandemic, the time spent at a desk is still similar to that spent in the workplace. It is stated that static muscle activity and improper postures maintained during prolonged computer use can lead to increased strain on cervical and upper extremity muscles, exacerbating musculoskeletal symptoms. Literature reports that headaches and neck pain are common among individuals who work at desks; for example, a study of office workers reported that approximately 80% of individuals with headaches also experienced neck pain. Furthermore, high workload, time pressure, and psychosocial stress factors have been shown to be associated with both headaches and musculoskeletal pain in individuals who work at desks. Therefore, desk-based work conditions are considered a significant environmental factor that may play a role in the onset or exacerbation of migraine and musculoskeletal symptoms. Despite this, studies examining musculoskeletal symptoms, central sensitivity, and work stress together in desk-bound migraine patients are limited in the literature. Most studies have only examined individuals with headaches or evaluated musculoskeletal findings in limited areas. Therefore, studies comparing desk-bound migraine patients with non-migraine-bound desk-bound individuals could fill a significant gap in the literature. In this context, it is believed that the planned study will contribute to a better understanding of the possible relationships between migraine and musculoskeletal symptoms, help develop protective and rehabilitative approaches to the work environment, and benefit individuals exposed to musculoskeletal risks in desk-bound work, within the scope of Sustainable Development Goals 3: ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. The aim of this study is to compare central sensitization, work-related stress levels, and musculoskeletal symptoms in desk-based workers according to the presence of migraine and to examine the relationships among these variables.

Primary outcome measures

• Central Sensitization Inventory [Time frame: Day 1]

Secondary outcome measures (6)

• Headache Intensity [Time frame: Day 1]
• Disability [Time frame: Day 1]
• Work-Related Stress [Time frame: Day 1]
• Musculoskeletal Pain Symptoms [Time frame: Day 1]
• Headache Impact [Time frame: Day 1]
• Demographic and Clinic Evaluations [Time frame: Day 1]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Being between 18 and 65 years of age
• Having been employed in an office job for at least 6 months
• Working at a desk for at least 4 hours a day
• Being able to read and understand Turkish
• Agreeing to participate voluntarily
• For individuals with a migraine diagnosis, having an episodic or chronic migraine diagnosis according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders Edition 3 criteria
• For individuals without a migraine diagnosis, not having a diagnosis of migraine or other primary headache.

Exclusion criteria

• A history of neurological disorder (e.g., Multiple Sclerosis)
• Inflammatory rheumatic disorders (e.g., Rheumatoid Arthritis)
• Generalized chronic pain syndromes (e.g., Fibromyalgia)
• Any other headache disease
• Any other systemic disease
• Acute fracture and infection
• Neck or spinal surgery within the last 6 months
• Serious musculoskeletal trauma within the last 6 months
• Pregnancy
• A cognitive or psychiatric condition that would prevent completion of the questionnaires
• In the control group without a migraine diagnosis, a history of recurrent headaches within the last year.

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: Yes

Study design

Observational model

Other

Study locations

Turkey (Türkiye) · 1 center

• Gaziantep City Hospital — Gaziantep

Publications

• Martelletti P, de Oliveira AB, Dhamija RK, Francis P, Gouider R, Guekht A, Al-Hasany AH, Houessou MA, Lanteri-Minet M, Leonardi M, Lu-Bolanos M, Pathirage M, Malik A, Mosaddeghi-Heris R, Netravathi M, Ojha R, Owolabi MO, Paudel R, Ray J, Raggi A, Ranta A, Rathnayake N, Reuter U, Sudibyo DA, Tanprawate S, Tao J, Tu Y, Tucker L, Vashchenko N, Waidyasekara J, Wang Y, Woldeamanuel YW, Wijeratne T. Mig PMID 41947032
• Mohammadian M, Mollahoseini S, Naghibzadeh-Tahami A. Musculoskeletal disorders among office workers: prevalence, ergonomic risk factors, and their interrelationships. Sci Rep. 2025 Nov 26;15(1):45425. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30155-6. PMID 41298697
• Magnavita N. Headache in the Workplace: Analysis of Factors Influencing Headaches in Terms of Productivity and Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Mar 21;19(6):3712. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19063712. PMID 35329399
• Li C, Zhang L, Zhou J, Fan Z, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang W, Yu S. Prevalence of primary headache disorders among information technology staff in China: the negative effects of computer use and other correlative factors. BMC Public Health. 2020 Apr 5;20(1):443. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08497-9. PMID 32248815
• Cote P, van der Velde G, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Hogg-Johnson S, Holm LW, Carragee EJ, Haldeman S, Nordin M, Hurwitz EL, Guzman J, Peloso PM; Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. The burden and determinants of neck pain in workers: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. Spine (Phila Pa 19 PMID 18204402
• Ernst MJ, Sax N, Meichtry A, Aegerter AM, Luomajoki H, Ludtke K, Gallina A, Falla D; NEXpro collaboration group. Cervical musculoskeletal impairments and pressure pain sensitivity in office workers with headache. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2023 Aug;66:102816. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102816. Epub 2023 Jun 26. PMID 37394322
• Marchenko M, Domingues L, Barbero M, Cescon C, Falla D, Ernst MJ; NEXpro collaboration group. Headache, not neck pain, primarily influences the extent of pain in the neck region in symptomatic office workers. Cross-sectional and longitudinal evaluations. Physiother Theory Pract. 2026 May;42(5):689-699. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2025.2596179. Epub 2025 Dec 12. PMID 41384674
• Janwantanakul P, Pensri P, Jiamjarasrangsri V, Sinsongsook T. Prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms among office workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2008 Sep;58(6):436-8. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqn072. Epub 2008 Jun 10. PMID 18544589

Identifiers

NCT: NCT07554664 · Approval No: 3/10; 02.04.2026

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗