Simulation and Video Training for Phlebitis Recognition and Clinical Decision-Making in Nursing Students

Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) cannulation is a widely used method for vascular access and is considered one of the most common invasive procedures performed in hospitalized patients. This technique provides rapid access to the vascular system due to being less invasive and less complex compared to alternative methods. The type of catheter is selected based on the estimated duration and type of therapy, and PIVCs are commonly used for fluid therapy, parenteral nutrition, administration of blood products, and diagnostic procedures.

Phlebitis, one of the most common complications associated with PIVCs, may develop not only during catheterization but also within 24-96 hours after catheter removal. The incidence of PIVC-related phlebitis varies widely in the literature, ranging from 1.5% to 80%. Phlebitis is defined as acute inflammation of the venous wall resulting from irritation of the vascular endothelium at or near the catheter insertion site. Its identification requires the assessment of clinical signs and symptoms at the insertion site, including erythema, swelling along the vein, pain, warmth, and, in some cases, fever.

It is estimated that complications related to PIVCs are more extensive than currently reported, with approximately 70-90% of patients experiencing complications that may prolong hospital stays by up to 22 days. These complications negatively affect patient comfort, contribute to unnecessary diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, delay treatment, increase healthcare costs, elevate patient stress, and increase the workload of healthcare professionals.

In this context, early recognition of phlebitis and the development of clinical decision-making skills among nursing students are critical for ensuring patient safety. Traditional educational approaches that focus primarily on the transfer of theoretical knowledge are increasingly insufficient for preparing students to manage complex clinical situations. Therefore, there is a growing need for realistic, interactive, and learner-centered educational strategies that support early diagnosis and appropriate clinical decision-making. Innovative teaching methods that promote active student engagement and provide opportunities to experience clinical situations in a safe environment play a strategic role in developing these essential competencies.

One such innovative approach is video-based learning, which has emerged as a powerful educational tool by providing a dynamic and engaging platform for content delivery. Video-based learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge and skills through video materials and encompasses various strategies designed to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes, particularly in fields such as healthcare education where practical skills are essential. In addition to being learner-centered, video-based learning offers advantages such as increased engagement, accessibility, and flexibility. These benefits highlight the need for more comprehensive and experiential learning environments in which learners move beyond passive observation to actively interpret clinical contexts and mentally rehearse decision-making processes.

Another innovative teaching approach is simulation-based learning, which utilizes a range of methods-including low- and high-fidelity mannequins, virtual reality, standardized patients, and hybrid applications-to create realistic and effective learning experiences. Simulation-based education provides a safe learning environment that minimizes patient harm while facilitating the development of clinical skills. Standardized patients are trained individuals who accurately simulate real patient scenarios for educational, assessment, and research purposes. This method enhances students' communication skills, practical competencies, professional attitudes (including empathy), and clinical decision-making abilities, thereby contributing to improved patient outcomes.

This study is grounded in the recognition that phlebitis, although common, is often identified late in clinical practice and cannot be effectively addressed through theoretical instruction alone. The inability of nursing students to adequately recognize and manage this complication, which directly impacts patient safety, necessitates a strategic reconsideration of current educational approaches. Accordingly, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of innovative, learner-centered educational models-specifically standardized patient and video-based training-compared with traditional teaching methods in enhancing nursing students' ability to recognize phlebitis and improve their clinical decision-making skills. Ultimately, this study seeks to contribute to the advancement of nursing education and support the development of competent, safety-oriented nursing professionals.

Research Hypotheses H1: Nursing students who receive training through standardized patient or video-based learning methods will demonstrate higher levels of knowledge in recognizing phlebitis compared to those receiving traditional education.

H2: Nursing students who receive training through standardized patient or video-based learning methods will achieve higher clinical decision-making skill scores compared to those receiving traditional education.

H3: Nursing students who receive training through standardized patient or video-based learning methods will report higher levels of learning satisfaction and self-confidence compared to those receiving traditional education.

• Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence Scale in Learning [Time frame: Immediately post-intervention]
• Simulation Design Scale [Time frame: Immediately post-intervention]