EEG Signal Correlates During Anesthesia and Sedation in Adults and Children

BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE:

Monitoring depth of anesthesia using electroencephalography (EEG) has become standard clinical practice, particularly through processed indices like the Bispectral Index (BIS). However, the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms and relationships between raw EEG signals and clinical/pharmacological parameters remain incompletely understood. Current monitoring systems provide processed indices but limited insight into raw multi-channel EEG signal characteristics. Systematic analysis of EEG data across different patient populations, age groups, and anesthetic contexts is needed to advance our understanding of brain responses to anesthesia and improve monitoring strategies.

STUDY DESIGN:

This is a prospective, multicenter, non-interventional, observational cohort study conducted at two sites of the Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP): Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital and Louis Mourier Hospital. The study involves no modifications to routine anesthetic care - only collection and analysis of EEG data during standard clinical practice.

STUDY POPULATIONS:

The study will enroll 330 participants across three distinct cohorts:

Cohort 1 - Pediatric Population (n=110):

Children aged 1-17 years undergoing general anesthesia for scheduled surgical procedures. This cohort specifically includes:

* 55 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria * 55 children without ASD (matched controls) This unique population allows investigation of potential neurodevelopmental differences in anesthetic response and EEG patterns in children with ASD.

Cohort 2 - Elderly Adult Population (n=110):

Patients aged \>70 years undergoing scheduled surgery under general anesthesia at Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital. This elderly population is important for studying age-related physiological changes affecting EEG patterns during anesthesia and potential increased sensitivity to anesthetic agents.

Cohort 3 - Procedural Sedation Population (n=110):

Adults (≥18 years) undergoing procedural sedation for diagnostic or therapeutic digestive endoscopy procedures at Louis Mourier Hospital. This cohort provides comparative data on lighter levels of sedation versus general anesthesia.

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

For adult patients:

* Age ≥18 years (Cohort 2: \>70 years; Cohort 3: ≥18 years) * Scheduled for general anesthesia (Cohort 2) or procedural sedation (Cohort 3) * Pre-anesthetic consultation completed * Informed of the study and non-opposition obtained

For pediatric patients (Cohort 1):

* Age 1-17 years * Scheduled for general anesthesia for surgical procedure * For ASD subgroup: Confirmed DSM-5 diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder * Parental authority holder informed and non-opposition obtained * Child informed (if age-appropriate) and non-opposition obtained

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

For adult patients:

* Documented cognitive impairment in medical record * Patient refusal to participate * Patient deprived of liberty or under legal protection * Pregnant or breastfeeding women

For pediatric patients:

* Parental refusal of child's participation * Child refusal (if age-appropriate to understand)

DATA COLLECTION:

During routine anesthetic care without any protocol-specific interventions, the following will be recorded:

EEG Monitoring:

* Continuous multi-channel EEG using BIS (Bispectral Index) monitor * Continuous multi-channel EEG using SedLine monitor * Processed parameters (BIS index, spectral edge frequency, suppression ratio, etc.) * Raw EEG signals recorded in standard EDF format

Synchronized Clinical Annotations:

* Anesthetic drug administration (agent, dose, route, timing) * Clinical events (intubation, surgical incision, emergence, etc.) * Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure) * Level of consciousness assessments (RASS, clinical signs) * Surgical stimulation intensity * Adverse events

Patient Characteristics:

* Demographics (age, sex, weight, height, BMI) * Medical history and comorbidities * Concomitant medications * ASA physical status classification * For pediatric cohort: ASD diagnosis and characteristics

All EEG recordings and multi-signal files will be pseudonymized using a unique study identifier before analysis. Data will be stored on secure servers compliant with GDPR regulations.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

To identify features of the electroencephalographic (EEG) signal that significantly correlate with:

1. Pharmacological parameters: anesthetic drug type, concentration (estimated effect-site concentration), drug combinations, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties 2. Clinical parameters: patient age, comorbidities, surgical stimulation intensity, hemodynamic changes, emergence characteristics

These correlations will be analyzed separately for the induction, maintenance, and emergence phases of general anesthesia and for procedural sedation.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

1. Develop and validate predictive models using machine learning algorithms to link specific EEG features to anesthetic depth and level of consciousness 2. Compare EEG spectral and temporal characteristics between pediatric and adult populations during equivalent anesthetic states 3. Analyze differential effects of commonly used anesthetic agents (propofol, sevoflurane, desflurane, remifentanil) on multi-channel EEG patterns 4. Investigate specific EEG signatures and anesthetic responses in children with autism spectrum disorder compared to typically developing children 5. Characterize distinctive EEG patterns during procedural sedation versus general anesthesia 6. Evaluate inter-individual and intra-individual variability in EEG responses to anesthetic agents 7. Assess correlation between frontal EEG patterns and clinical signs of anesthetic depth

ENDPOINTS:

Primary Endpoint:

• Development of mathematical tools for induction phases [Time frame: During induction (typically 2-5 minutes) and emergence (typically 5-20 minutes)]
• Development of mathematical tools for emergence phases [Time frame: During induction (typically 2-5 minutes) and emergence (typically 5-20 minutes)]
• Analysis of individual sensitivity to anesthetic drugs during induction [Time frame: During induction phase (first 2-5 minutes of anesthetic exposure)]
• Consistency of individual anesthetic sensitivity across induction [Time frame: Throughout entire anesthesia procedure (induction through emergence, typically 1-6 hours)]
• Consistency of individual anesthetic sensitivity across maintenance [Time frame: Throughout entire anesthesia procedure (induction through emergence, typically 1-6 hours)]
• Consistency of individual anesthetic sensitivity across emergence [Time frame: Throughout entire anesthesia procedure (induction through emergence, typically 1-6 hours)]
• EEG correlates predicting complication-free tracheal extubation in children [Time frame: During emergence phase preceding tracheal extubation (typically 10-30 minutes)]
• EEG profile analysis in children with autism spectrum disorder during anesthesia [Time frame: Throughout entire anesthesia procedure (typically 1-6 hours per participant)]