Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells in Patients With VWD, AVWS and Healthy Subjects

The study aims to establish a reference population of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) from healthy subjects and compare them with ECFCs derived from patients with VWD/AVWS.

This comparison will help identify cellular and molecular alterations underlying qualitative and quantitative VWF defects. Findings will be correlated with clinical and biochemical data to clarify disease mechanisms.

Study Design: This is a national, monocentric, non-pharmacological study promoted by Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and coordinated by SC Medicina - Emostasi e Trombosi.

Enrollment: Patients with a prior diagnosis of VWD or AVWS referred to the Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center will be contacted for scheduled enrollment. Historical clinical, biochemical, and molecular data will be reviewed, informed consent obtained, and a study-specific blood sample collected to confirm VWF levels and isolate ECFCs.

Healthy volunteers with no history of bleeding or thrombotic disorders will be enrolled in a number equal to that of the patient group. After a brief health interview and informed consent, they will undergo the same blood collection procedures as patients.

Sample collection:

Participants will undergo blood withdrawal for the following procedures:

* Eight milliliters of plasma in sodium citrate will be aliquoted and stored at -80 °C. These samples will be used to confirm patients' diagnoses and, for controls, to measure VWF levels. * Genetic analysis: one citrate tube will be collected for congenital patients without previous molecular characterization. * A total of 50 ml of blood in lithium heparin will be drawn for ECFC isolation following the previously published protocol. The isolation procedure will be performed within 3 h of sample collection. In case of unsuccessful isolation, participants may be asked to undergo a second and final blood draw.

Plasma sample testing common to all enrolled subjects: all enrolled subjects will undergo standard plasma testing, including VWF antigen, FVIII activity, VWF activity (VWF:RCo or VWF:GPIbR), VWF collagen-binding activity, and VWF propeptide.

Low-resolution VWF multimer analysis will be performed using either the in-house method or a the semi-automated system.

Procedure to be Performed on ECFCs (common to all enrolled subjects):

* ECFC isolation will follow a modified version of the protocol by Martin-Ramirez et al. (Nat Protoc. 2012;7:1709-1715). * Flow cytometry will be performed to confirm endothelial lineage. * Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy will be performed by plating ECFCs on rat tail collagen type I-coated glass slides. Selected markers will include DAPI for nuclei, VWF, and other endothelial markers. * Basal and stimulated VWF secretion (after histamine or PMA exposure) will be assessed by measuring VWF:Ag levels in culture media and cell lysates using an in-house ELISA. * VWF multimeric analysis will be performed using the same procedure applied to plasma samples. * RNA expression analysis will include RNA isolation, first-strand cDNA synthesis, and quantitative real-time PCR for VWF and additional markers using pre-designed TaqMan® assays (ThermoFisher Scientific), normalized to GAPDH or other housekeeping genes.

Assay limited to ECFCs isolated from group B patients and selected controls:

Angiogenesis assay will be performed using Matrigel (Corning). ECFCs obtained from healthy volunteers will be used to establish the assay conditions and will serve as a reference for the analysis of ECFCs isolated from patients.

Assay limited to ECFCs isolated form group C and selected controls: sub-group study:

Inhibition of the mutant allele using small interfering RNA (siRNA) will be performed in a patient selected based on the specific genetic defect (type 2A mutation). ECFCs from this patient will be transfected with a customized siRNA targeting the mutant allele, while a commercial VWF-specific siRNA and a negative control siRNA will be used as controls on both type 2A ECFCs and healthy volunteer-derived ECFCs. All ECFC procedures will be repeated after siRNA silencing, and results will be compared with those obtained from healthy control ECFCs.

Data analysis Continuous variables will be reported as median and interquartile range, whereas categorical variables will be presented as counts and percentages. Laboratory results will be expressed as mean and standard deviation. Comparisons will be performed using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, depending on whether variables follow a normal or non-normal distribution. A p-value \<0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

Correlation analyses between VWF mRNA expression levels and VWF secreted in cell media, cell lysates, and corresponding plasma VWF levels will be conducted using Pearson's or Spearman's rank correlation, as appropriate.

When available, analyses will be performed using more than one ECFC clone from each enrolled subject.

• Correlation of ECFC VWF Antigen Protein and mRNA Levels with Plasma and Platelet VWF Antigen/Activity Levels and Molecular Defect. [Time frame: 42 weeks from enrollment start]
• Comparison of angiogenic properties of ECFCs from patients with VWD/AVWS and healthy controls [Time frame: 42 weeks from enrollment start]
• Evaluation of Allele-Specific siRNA to Restore Normal VWF Levels in Type 2A VWD [Time frame: 42 weeks from enrollment start]