Targeting Neurovascular Coupling in Cognitive Decline Via Nitrate-Based Supplementation

Official title

The Neurovascular Coupling as a Target for Cognitive Enhancement in Vascular Cognitive Decline Through an Innovative Nitrate-driven Dietary Supplementation.

Overview

Diet is established among the most relevant adjustable variables of human health in modern societies. The recognition by the World Health Organization of cognitive impairment and dementia associated with aging as one of the major public health challenges of our time, highlights the imperative need for a more comprehensive understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle, in particular diet, affect neural function and consequent cognitive performance throughout lifespan. The brain is endowed with fine mechanisms for a precise spatial and temporal control of cerebral blood flow (CBF) according to neural activity, the neurovascular coupling (NVC). Mounting evidence from preclinical and human studies demonstrate that NVC dysfunction is a key early factor contributing to the pathogenesis of cognitive decline and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in aging and conditions associated with accelerated microvascular aging, such as cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). Failure at any part of the NVC pathway disrupts CBF resulting in catastrophic depletion of oxygenation and energy supply to brain cells, and, in the long run, to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment. The investigators have shown that nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is a direct mediator of NVC and that decreased bioavailability of NO along aging compromised NVC and reduced local CBF. Shortly after the identification of nNOS as a source of NO for vasodilation in the brain, an alternative pathway for NO production independent of nNOS, relying on the sequential reduction of nitrate, the nitrate:nitrite:NO pathway, was unveiled. Nitrate consumed in green leafy vegetables as part of a normal diet is bioactivated to nitrite and both compounds are permanent constituents of blood/tissues in animal species, influencing CBF and resulting in improvements in learning and memory in rodents and VCI patients. However, a critical question remains on whether NO produced from nitrite is functionally linked to neuronal activation. This is key to understanding whether dietary nitrate can be linked to neuronal-dependent CBF increases and cognitive performance. The investigators and others have shown that upon excitatory stimulation, ascorbate is released from neurons being available for nitrite reduction and our preliminary data supports that NO bioavailability and CBF might be maintained independently of nNOS by the reduction of nitrite to NO in the brain extracellular space upon neuronal activation (unpublish data). This innovative mechanism functionally links the production of NO from nitrite to neuronal activation, triggering CBF increases and maintaining an operative NVC. A further facet is that, bridging diet and cognitive performance, this mechanism incorporates modulatory elements which is open to adjustment by diet via nitrate. Thus, in this pilot trial a proof of concept study will be conducted to investigate the clinical impact of a dietary nitrate supplementation intervention in a clinical population with VCI due to small vessel disease, as measured by changes on NVC and cognitive performance. The investigators hypothesise that functional NVC is maintained operative in VCI patients by increasing NO bioavailability in the extracellular space of the brain through a nitrate -rich diet that, in turn, supports an adequate CBF in response to neuronal activation, modulating the molecular mechanisms and cognitive performance of disease-related physiological and cognitive markers.

Detailed description

Professor João Laranjinha (CNC-UC) is the lead scientific contributor of the study.

Interventions

• Dietary supplement Beetroot Juice - Active
  140 ml beetroot juice/day, corresponding to approximately 0.8 g of nitrate that will constitute a period of 2 weeks with a nitrate-diet (beetroot).
• Dietary supplement Beetroot Juice - Placebo
  140 ml nitrate-depleted beetroot juice/day, that will constitute a period of 2 weeks with a nitrate-depleted diet (beetroot).

Primary outcome measures

• Memory retrieval cognitive task (d prime) [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Memory encoding Blood Oxigenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal amplitude [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]

Secondary outcome measures (11)

• Ascorbate concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Score on the Visual Analogue Scale of the health-related quality of life EQ-5D-5L questionnaire [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Nitrate concentration in the blood [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from Week 7 to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Glutathione concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• N-acetylaspartate concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Glutamate concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Lactate concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Creatine concentration in the posterior cingulate cortex [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from baseline to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• Nitrite concentration in the blood [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from Week 7 to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]
• S-nitrosothiols concentration in the blood [Time frame: From baseline to the end of treatment up to Week 4 and from Week 7 to the end of placebo up to Week 11.]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Formal diagnosis of cerebral small vessel disease (grades 1 to 3 in the Age-Related White Matter Changes Scale as assessed by Computerized Tomography or Magnetic Ressonance Imaging - MRI) and patients at high risk for cerebral small vessel disease with diabetes mellitus;
• Subject has capacity and is capable of giving written informed consent;
• Subject is able to read, comprehend and record information written in Portuguese.

Exclusion criteria

• Vascular diseases other than cerebral Small Vessel Disease (cSVD);
• Stroke event less than 6 months ago;
• Unsuitable for MRI scanning because of presence of any standard MRI contraindication (e.g presence of a cardiac pacemaker, other medical implants or devices, or the presence of ferromagnetic metal foreign bodies);
• Needle phobia;
• Inability or intolerance to dietary polyphenol adjustment;
• Current smoker;
• Alcohol abuse, drug abuse or use of drugs affecting cognitive assessment, such as sedatives, hypnotics, nootropic drugs, cholinergic drugs;
• Use of medications that may be contraindicated or interact with the high nitrate diet, such as nitroglycerin or nitrate preparations used for angina, or phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including sildenafil (Viagral);
• Patients previously diagnosed with dementia;
• Presence of congenital mental retardation and severe neurological and psychiatric diseases;
• Illiterate or severe visual or hearing impairment that may prevent patients from cooperating with cognitive assessment;
• Relevant depression or other unrelated serious mental illness;
• Severe cardiac, pulmonary, renal or hepatic insufficiency;
• Patients who have participated in other interventional clinical studies within the last 3 months, or are participating in other interventional clinical studies.

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: No

Study design

Allocation

Randomized

Model

Crossover

Masking

Quadruple blind

Primary purpose

Basic science

Study locations

Portugal · 2 centers

• Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra — Coimbra
• Unidade de Saúde Local de Coimbra (ULS Coimbra) — Coimbra

Identifiers

NCT: NCT07329647 · DietNOBrain01CNC · 2022.05454.PTDC

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗