Motivation, Learning and Decision Making in Changing Environments

Being able to make adaptive decisions and follow through on them is crucial for animals and humans alike. Although some simplifications of real-world environments are necessary for laboratories, previous studies have often removed an essential element of complexity: behaviour is often a sequence of choices, requiring planning, goal pursuit, and sustained motivation to achieve those goals. A comprehensive understanding of the brain functions at work and their cognitive, computational, and neural roles in these particular extended behaviours can only be achieved by examining the cognition and behaviour integrated into these extended temporal sequences.

In recent years, the investigators have addressed this challenge by developing a new neuroethological approach, made possible by advances in computational modelling, experimental design, brain recording and stimulation techniques. In this proposal, they have identified key cognitive processes related to the challenge of sequential and self-determined behaviours, behaviours enabled by the evolution of the prefrontal cortex, which underpins them through interactions with subcortical structures and associative cortical areas. To make this complexity manageable, they draw inspiration from several disciplines, including ecology, biology, psychology, and neuroscience. In this way, the investigators can identify the essential elements that enable complex adaptive behaviour in response to real-life challenges and build behavioural models around these processes.

For example, using this framework, our team challenged the notion that risk-taking propensity is a fixed characteristic in individuals. Instead, the investigators discovered that humans can flexibly modify the level of risk they are willing to take depending on the environment, particularly when searching for resources - in the same way that a bird close to starvation would take greater risks when searching for food.

An equally overlooked element of real-life decision-making is the interaction between emotions and decision-making, particularly during prolonged learning and decision-making over time, despite its potential relevance for understanding state-dependent decision-making, individual differences, and clinical disorders .

The current project aims to address three specific aspects of resource search. First, ecological environments often require advance planning, taking into account not only future opportunities present in the environment, but also behavioural tendencies and biases specific to the individual (e.g., the ability to exploit these future opportunities) in order to pursue long-term goals.

Second, in these situations, it is important to use any knowledge of the direction in which an environment is changing to plan ahead and use specific evaluation mechanisms to assess the gradual pursuit and abandonment of goals. Thirdly, at the same time, as these environments require consideration of a longer-term commitment, it is essential to understand how fluctuations in motivation can help or hinder these processes.

All data will be collected during a single visit for each participant. For each of the three tasks, the procedure will be the same; only the cognitive task performed will differ.

Part 1 of the visit = Setup, explanation of the study, verification of inclusion and non-inclusion criteria, and signing of consent.

Then, participants will practice the cognitive task. Part 2 of the visit : MRI session (cognitive task + structural MRI + functional MRI + physiological measurements).

• Decisions on the Farming game [Time frame: baseline]
• Decisions on the Fastest Queue task [Time frame: Baseline]
• Decisions on the Treasure Hunt Game [Time frame: Baseline]