Comparison of Outcomes of Hernia Sac Transection and Sac Reduction in Open Pediatric Inguinal Hernia Repair in Ramathibodi Hospital

An inguinal hernia is a common condition in children where abdominal contents push through a weak spot in the abdominal wall into the groin area. Normally, when the testicles move from the abdomen into the scrotum, the peritoneal lining is pulled downward with them through the inguinal canal. The testicles are fully descended into the scrotum at about eighth months of gestation. Afterward, the opening created by this pouch closes and dissolves. The persistence of this inguinal canal, which should have closed spontaneously, is a common cause of hernias in children, with an incidence of 3.5-5% and it increases up to 44-55% in premature infants. Inguinal hernias often require surgical repair due to the risk of complications like bowel obstruction, which occurs in a significant percentage of cases with an incidence of 3-16%. Open surgery remains the most common method for inguinal hernias. A study by Chukwubuike KE et al. found that pediatric inguinal hernia repair had a postoperative complication rate of 9.9%. The most common complications were scrotal edema, scrotal hematoma, wound infection, hernia recurrence, testicular atrophy และsensory disturbance in the groin region.

Laparoscopic hernia surgery has become more widely used since the first operation in 1993. In this procedure, the hernia sac is cut open and the patent processus vaginalis is used to tighten the internal inguinal ring to prevent future hernias. The purse-string technique is used to close the opening of the internal ring without removing the hernia sac. Laparoscopic surgery offers faster recovery and less risk of spermatic cord injury, with similar operative times and shorter hospital stays compared to open surgery. However, it requires a higher initial cost and the expertise of a surgeon experienced in the procedure.

In a study by Kelly Dreuning, Laparoscopic versus open pediatric inguinal hernia repair: state of the art comparison and future perspectives from a meta-analysis, laparoscopic and open hernia repairs were performed in 375 and 358 patients, respectively. There was no difference in recurrence between the two groups.

Open hernia repair is still used for pediatric patients at Ramathibodi Hospital in order to remove the hernia sac from the spermatic cord. It is a complicated procedure, especially when dealing with big hernias. In a study by Roberto Cirocchi et al., Comparison of hernia sac transection and full sac reduction for the treatment of inguinal hernia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, 1,824 patients were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials which comprised 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 3 controlled clinical trials (CCTs). Nine hundred and thirty-five of these 1,824 patients had hernia sac transection, and nine hundred and sixty-six had hernia sac reduction. The study found that the two techniques were similar in terms of primary and secondary outcomes, even though hernia sac reduction might lead to a lower, albeit not statistically significant, recurrence rate.

The study by Mohamed Ali Chaouch et al., A systematic review and meta-analysis of hernia sac management in laparoscopic groin hernia mesh repair: reduction or transection, is a systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) study which included 6 studies with a total of 2,941 patients: 821 in the transection group and 2,120 in the reduction group. It was found that the transection group had a significantly lower rate of postoperative seroma than the reduction group (OR = 1.71; 95% CI \[1.22, 2.39\], p = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in operative time (MD = -4.39; 95%CI \[-13.62, 4.84\], p = 0.35) and recurrence rate (OR = 2.70; 95%CI \[0.50,14.50\], p = 0.25)

The aforementioned information indicates that research has been done on the rates of complications following hernia surgery involving the excision of the hernia sac by reduction and transection. However, as of now, there are no conclusive findings about laparoscopic surgery. Thus, this study aimed to assess the rates of complications in pediatric patients who underwent open hernia surgery using reduction and transection techniques.

• Course of pain killer requirement [Time frame: post-operative follow-up at week1]