Efficacy of Spironolactone Combined With Antihypertensive Drugs in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism
For patients and families
In plain language
An automatic summary of structured registry data. It is an orientation aid, not a substitute for the official protocol or a physician assessment.
- What is being studied
- The protocol lists: spironolactone.
- Who it may be relevant to
- Registry conditions: Primary Aldosteronism, Hypertension. Basic parameters: 30 years — 65 years · All.
- What needs checking
- Age, condition and sex are only basic indicators. Prior treatment, laboratory values and other mandatory requirements appear in the eligibility criteria below.
- Where it takes place
- China
- Next step
- Save the trial, show it to the treating physician, and confirm current recruitment with the study center. Costs, documents and travel →
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Overview
The goal of this observational study is to learn about the optimal dose of spironolactone treatment and the long-term outcomes on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with lateralized PA who are unwilling to undergo surgery. The main question it aims to answer is: 1. What is the long-term effect of spironolactone treatment for lateralized PA? 2. What is the optimal dose of spironolactone treatment for the relief of renin inhibition in patients with lateralized PA? Participants will receive spironolactone treatment as part of their regular medical care for more than 12 months, and their clinical indicators, including blood pressure, biochemical remission, cardiovascular and renal damage, and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, will be analyzed.
Detailed description
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is one of the most common causes of endocrine and treatment-resistant hypertension. Current guidelines suggest that surgery and aldosterone receptor antagonists (MRAs), such as spironolactone, are the main treatment for PA. Patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma who decline surgery, as well as those with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, are usually treated with spironolactone. However, there is a lack of large-scale, long-term, prospective, randomized controlled trials on spironolactone. In a retrospective cohort of 602 PA patients treated with long-term spironolactone therapy, Hundemer et al. found that the 10-year risk of major cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality was increased, compared with that in patients with essential hypertension. In contrast, PA patients who underwent adrenalectomy had a lower risk of cardiorenal vascular events than that in the spironolactone-treated patients, which was comparable to that of patients with essential hypertension. Further analysis revealed that if PA patients remained in a low-renin state after drug therapy, their risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart-failure hospitalization was almost three-fold higher than that in patients with essential hypertension. Therefore, high doses of spironolactone (60\~100 mg/d) were recommended to relieve renin suppression. However, prolonged high-dose spironolactone is associated with numerous side effects, including hyperkalaemia, gynaecomastia and sexual dysfunction in men, menstrual irregularities in women, and central-nervous-system symptoms. Moreover, MRAs only block the effect of aldosterone at the receptor level, failing to suppress aldosterone synthesis. In addition, aldosterone exhibits receptor-independent actions. Consequently, whether spironolactone mitigates aldosterone-mediated cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events remains uncertain, and the optimal dose with fewer adverse effects needs to be defined. To clarify the optimal dose of spironolactone treatment and the long-term outcomes on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, the researchers conducted a long-term study involving patients with lateralized PA who are unwilling to undergo surgery. When the blood pressure fails to meet the criteria, antihypertensive drugs such as amlodipine and irbesartan, are combined. the PA patients will be confirmed as unilateral PA based on the results of adrenal venous sampling and different doses of spironolactone. The PA patients will take spironolactone treatment as part of their regular medical care for more than 12 months. The blood pressures, biochemical remission, cardiovascular and renal damage, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events will be analyzed after the spironolactone treatment. The antihypertensive efficacy and adverse reactions will be studied.
Interventions
- Drug spironolactone
The patients receive spironolactone treatment based on their conditions
Primary outcome measures
- Change of systolic blood pressure [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of diastolic blood pressure [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
Secondary outcome measures (12)
- Change of anti-hypertensive regimen [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of serum potassium [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of plasma aldosterone [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of plasma renin [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of fasting plasma glucose [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Changes of serum total cholesterol [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Changes of serum triglyceride [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Changes of serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Changes of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of serum creatinine [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of 24-hour urine microalbumin [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
- Change of estimated glomerular filtration rate [Time frame: From enrollment to spironolactone treatment at 12 months.]
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria
- Male or female, aged 30\~65 years.
- PA patients with positive screening tests and saline suppression tests, and with AVS to determine lateralization. These patients have hypertension defined as office blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg, or 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure showing average ≥ 130/80 mmHg, daytime blood pressure ≥ 135/85 mmHg, or nighttime blood pressure ≥ 120/70 mmHg.
- Patients with unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma who decline surgery, or patients with non-adenoma, unilateral PA confirmed by AVS and meeting the above PA-related hypertension criteria.
- Provision of written informed consent to participate in the study.
Exclusion criteria
- Hyperkalemia.
- Renal impairment or have history of renal disease: serum creatinine > 1.5 × upper limit of normal (ULN), dialysis, or nephrotic syndrome.
- Other confirmed secondary hypertension: pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid disorders, parathyroid disorders, acromegaly, renovascular disease, aortic disorders, chronic alcoholism, or drug dependence, etc.
- Adrenal insufficiency.
- Heart failure with NYHA class II-IV or stroke.
- Acute infection, malignancy, severe arrhythmia, psychiatric disorders, or drug/alcohol abuse.
- Significant hepatic dysfunction or have history of liver disease: AST or ALT > 2 × ULN, cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices or portosystemic shunt.
- Pregnancy or lactation.
- Participation in another clinical trial within the past 3 months.
- Inability to complete follow-up.
- Refusal to provide informed consent.
Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.
Healthy volunteers: No
Study design
- Observational model
- Cohort
Study locations
China · 1 center
- Daping Hospital, Army Medical Center of PLA — Chongqing
Identifiers
NCT: NCT07137364 · SPIRO in PA