Oral Tranexamic Acid After Total Knee Arthroplasty

OBJECTIVES:

Purpose:

This is a prospective, double-blinded, randomized control study to evaluate the efficacy and role of oral Tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty by assessing pain, function, and range of motion over a 2-year follow-up period.

Hypothesis:

We hypothesize that those given 1.95g oral TXA for 3- and 7-days post-op will have improved pain, function, and range of motion assessed at the 6-week follow-up along with improved range of motion (ROM) at the 90-day follow-up. Additionally, we expect both the control group and the experimental group to have similar blood loss and transfusion rates.

BACKGROUND:

As the rates of primary and revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) continue to rise in the United States2,3, it is more important than ever to evaluate and improve primary and secondary outcomes as well as costs associated with these procedures. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been widely used to improve morbidity and mortality in TKA, with substantial evidence demonstrating its efficacy in reducing blood loss6,7,11,12,13 and transfusion rates6,7,12. A meta-analysis done by Drain et al. also showed a significant reduction in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and length of stay4,12 in patients receiving any form of intraoperative TXA. Subsequent studies confirmed that TXA is safe for use in TKA, as it does not increase the incidence of complications including thromboembolic events and renal failure, even in high-risk populations5,6.

Recent literature has increasingly focused on comparing oral versus intravenous (IV) TXA in TKA, aiming to reduce costs while maintaining comparable safety and efficacy to the intravenous formulation. Current evidence strongly supports the noninferiority of preoperative oral TXA compared to IV TXA 8,9,10,14. Similar findings have been reported in revision TKA1. However, a key limitation of these studies is that their primary outcomes are often confined to blood loss, transfusion rates, thromboembolic events, and length of stay. Additionally, significant variability exists in the dosage regimens used across these studies.

While previous research has explored different formulations, doses, and delivery timings of TXA1,7,15, there is limited data on the optimal dosing strategy and length of administration for oral TXA. Most studies focus on perioperative administration, with few investigating the use of TXA beyond postoperative day one16,18,19. Some evidence supports extended IV TXA use for improving clinical parameters such as hemoglobin levels, though further research is needed18,19,20.

Currently, there is a lack of literature examining extended oral TXA use in primary TKA. Existing studies have produced conflicting results regarding pain and function outcomes16,21, with inconsistent dosing regimens further complicating efforts to draw firm conclusions.

Further evaluation of oral TXA administration during the perioperative period and beyond could provide valuable insights for enhancing the safety and reducing the costs of outpatient TKA. Establishing an optimal standard oral dose for prolonged TXA use could improve outcomes, support the transition to outpatient care, and provide consistent post-discharge management protocols.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and role of oral TXA in primary TKA by assessing pain, function, and range of motion over a 2-year follow-up period. We hypothesize that mid-term improvements in pain, function, and range of motion will be observed, with improved clinical outcomes such as arch of motion at the 2-year mark.

• Secondary" VAS pain scores [Time frame: 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months post op]
• Secondary: KOOS Jr [Time frame: 2 weeks. 6 weeks, 3 months post op]
• secondary: EQ-5D-3L functional scores [Time frame: 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months post op]
• Adverse events and complications [Time frame: 3 months post op]