The Primary Prevention of Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is experienced by one-fourth of women in India and associated with poor mental, physical, sexual and reproductive health, leading many experts including the World Health Organization to call for the urgent development of effective primary IPV prevention. The investigators previously developed an evidence-based, theory-driven, dyadic intervention, Ghya Bharaari Ekatra (GBE, "Take a Flight Together," NIH/FIC K01 TW009664) for the primary prevention of IPV among newly married couples residing in slums in India. GBE is delivered over six weekly sessions by a team of lay peer educators to groups of five couples and makes use of engaging culturally tailored delivery methods to challenge norms and build knowledge and skills to address six key IPV determinants: limited relationship quality time, poor self-esteem, resilience, communication and conflict management, sexual communication and sexual/reproductive health knowledge, and conservative IPV norms and definitions. In a pilot study of 40 couples married \< 1 year, it was found that GBE demonstrated high acceptance (with 85% of participants retained across all 6 sessions), feasibility, safety (no reported adverse events), and preliminary efficacy in preventing IPV and improving mental health in the female partner. The investigators now seek to quantify GBE's impact on IPV and downstream outcomes, mental health and reproductive autonomy, examine its mechanism of action, contexts in which it may need modification, and factors associated with its future successful adoption and implementation.

The research team hypothesizes that (1) GBE prevents IPV experience and enhances reproductive autonomy among women,(2) GBE improves mental health among both dyadic members, and (3) GBE's effects are mediated by the IPV determinants it was designed to address. The team, with 15 years of IPV research experience in India, proposes a cluster randomized trial of 850 newly married dyads (500 to GBE and 350 controls) in Maharashtra, India to execute the following aims: 1) to quantify the impact of the GBE intervention compared to the ethical standard of care (information on IPV and mental and reproductive/sexual health resources) in preventing IPV experience (primary outcome), enhancing reproductive autonomy among newly married women (secondary outcome) and mental health among the both members of the dyad (secondary outcome) at 12 months; 2) to conduct mediation and moderation analyses for the efficacy of the GBE intervention; and 3) to identify barriers, facilitators, and strategies for future, successful adoption and implementation of GBE through exit interviews with GBE participants and qualitative interviews, guided by Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, with interventionists, adopters, and other stakeholders who have influence over implementation outcomes. Study findings will provide the information necessary to facilitate scale-up of GBE across India and similar resource-limited, high-burden settings globally upon study completion.

• Change in General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) Score [Time frame: Baseline, 6 and 12 months post intervention]
• Change in Reproductive Autonomy Scale (RAS) Score [Time frame: Baseline, 6 and 12 months post intervention]