Mindfulness Interventions and Emotional Distress: A Daily Study

This study will employ a daily diary research design to collect detailed time-series data, capturing the dynamic evolution of participants' emotional changes. This approach not only facilitates the provision of robust evidence regarding the effects of mindfulness interventions but also offers valuable insights for refining and personalizing future intervention strategies.

Mindfulness involves observing one's current state of mind with an open, non-judgmental attitude, including awareness of breathing, bodily sensations, and actions (Wielgosz et al., 2019). With the widespread use of the internet and smartphones, there has been a rapid increase in the demand for mental health services, leading to the emergence of lightweight online mindfulness intervention programs that have garnered increasing attention (Taylor et al., 2021).

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can positively impact various aspects of individuals' lives (Wielgosz et al., 2019), including physical and mental health, cognitive abilities, emotions, and interpersonal relationships. Regular mindfulness training often leads to healthier behaviors, such as reduced substance abuse, decreased self-harm and suicidal behaviors, and alleviation of eating disorder symptoms (Schuman-Olivier et al., 2020). MBIs are applicable to both clinical and non-clinical populations: they benefit not only patients with physical or mental illnesses (Carlson, 2012; Turgon et al., 2019) but also those experiencing behavioral or emotional distress (Ju, 2022; Ma et al., 2018).

In addition to studying the efficacy of interventions, it is crucial to explore their mechanisms of action. Traditional methods of mechanism research have provided some evidence, defining mechanisms as "processes responsible for change," while mediators are "statistical explanations of the relationship between independent and dependent variables" (Kazdin, 2007, p.3). Currently, researchers have begun to investigate the mechanisms underlying mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) (Batink et al., 2013; Geschwind et al., 2011; Alsubaie et al., 2017).

However, traditional theoretical frameworks and analytical methods cannot adequately explain or capture sudden, nonlinear changes during the intervention process. Such phenomena can be better understood through complex systems theory. By applying complex network theory and methods, we can gain new insights into the complexity and dynamics of changes during the intervention process, identify intervention targets, uncover potential core targets, predict abrupt changes, and provide evidence for optimizing intervention targets and timing, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of intervention programs. Complex systems theory holds great promise for understanding the mechanisms of psychological interventions, yet few studies have examined the complex and dynamic changes in psychological variables during interventions from this perspective in the field of mindfulness research.

Therefore, in this study, we will first focus on several potential mechanism variables, specifically rumination, using the framework and analytical tools of complex systems theory to examine the complexity and dynamics of changes during online mindfulness interventions.

An increasing number of researchers are beginning to view rumination as a transdiagnostic pathological process closely related to the development and maintenance of various emotional disturbances (Ehring \& Watkins, 2008; Nolen-Hoeksema \& Watkins, 2011; Watkins \& Roberts, 2020). Rumination is associated with multiple emotional disorders and their comorbid conditions, including depressive disorders and anxiety disorders (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema, Wisco, \& Lyubomirsky, 2008). Rumination is a negative thought pattern characterized by repetitive negative thinking about problems, the causes, meanings, and consequences of distress (Watkins, 2008). It typically involves negative self-evaluations and is considered a maladaptive emotion regulation strategy linked to reduced well-being (Brans et al., 2013).

In summary, most current mechanism studies have not rigorously characterized the processes underlying mindfulness interventions using multiple measurement points and appropriate statistical methods, nor have they simultaneously examined the complexity and dynamics of multiple mechanism variables and outcome variables in mindfulness interventions. Therefore, conducting daily diary research will provide valuable evidence for a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of how interventions work.