The Association Between Sarcopenia and the Strength of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscles in Elderly Individuals
For patients and families
In plain language
An automatic summary of structured registry data. It is an orientation aid, not a substitute for the official protocol or a physician assessment.
- What is being studied
- The protocol lists: Questionnare, hand grip and respiratory muscle strength.
- Who it may be relevant to
- Registry conditions: The Association Between Sarcopenia and the Strength of Peripheral and Respiratory Muscles in Elderly Individuals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension. Basic parameters: 65 years — 80 years · All.
- What needs checking
- Age, condition and sex are only basic indicators. Prior treatment, laboratory values and other mandatory requirements appear in the eligibility criteria below.
- Where it takes place
- Center list to be confirmed — check the primary protocol.
- Next step
- Save the trial, show it to the treating physician, and confirm current recruitment with the study center. Costs, documents and travel →
Unsure about the terms? Read our patient guide →
Official title
Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Peripheral and Respiratory Muscle Strength in Geriatric Individuals
Overview
Population aging is a significant global trend, with projections indicating that by 2050, 1 in 6 individuals worldwide will be over 65 years old, compared to 1 in 11 in 2019. In Turkey, the elderly population is expected to rise to 11.0% by 2025 and reach 25.6% by 2080. Sarcopenia, characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and function due to aging, affects approximately 29% of older adults in community healthcare settings. It is associated with various pathophysiological processes, leading to negative health outcomes like falls and frailty. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) established diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia based on muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in 2010, later revised in 2018 (EWGSOP2), emphasizing low muscle strength as the primary diagnostic criterion. The SARC-F questionnaire is recommended for confirming sarcopenia, with a score of ≥ 4 indicating the condition. The concept of respiratory sarcopenia, introduced in 2021, refers to the loss of respiratory muscle mass and strength alongside general body sarcopenia, though measuring respiratory muscle mass can be complex. Respiratory muscle strength can be assessed through mouth pressure measurement, but a consensus on the methodology is still lacking. Overall, there is insufficient research on the relationship between peripheral and respiratory muscle weakness and sarcopenia in the elderly. This study aims to explore this relationship further.
Detailed description
Population aging is a global phenomenon characterized by a significant and rapid increase in the elderly population over recent years. According to World Population Prospects 2019 (United Nations, 2019), by 2050, 1 in 6 people in the world will be over the age of 65, up from 1 in 11 in 2019. It is estimated that the elderly population rate in our country will be 11.0% in 2025, 12.9% in 2030, 16.3% in 2040, 22.6% in 2060 and 25.6% in 2080.
Sarcopenia is a progressive and characterized loss of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and function associated with aging. Several prospective studies have reported that skeletal muscle mass decreases by 6% per decade after middle age. In community healthcare settings, the prevalence of sarcopenia has been reported to reach up to 29% among older adults. Sarcopenia is thought to involve a variety of pathophysiological processes, including denervation, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory and hormonal changes that can lead to adverse health outcomes such as falls, functional decline, frailty, weakness, and death due to a decrease in lean body mass. The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) proposed three diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia based on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in 2010. The EWGSOP proposed for sarcopenia three diagnostic criteria; low muscle mass (LMM) is defined by a SMM index of less than 8.90 kg/m2, low muscle strength (LMS) by hand-grip strength below 30 kg in men and 20 kg in women, and low physical performance (LPP) by gait speeds of less than 0.8 m/s. In 2018, The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2) revised the diagnostic criteria and established that low muscle strength is the primary parameter for the diagnosis of sarcopenia and the most reliable measure of muscle function. In clinical practice, when a patient shows symptoms or signs of sarcopenia (i.e. falls, feeling weak, walking slowly and difficulty getting up from a chair, or weight loss or muscle wasting), the EWGSOP2 is recommended to use the SARC-F questionnaire, which consists of five items: Strength, Assistance in walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falls to confirm the diagnosis. A score of the SARC-F questionnaire ≥ 4 is considered sarcopenia.
The concept of respiratory sarcopenia was first proposed in 2021 and is defined as "General body sarcopenia and low respiratory muscle mass followed by low respiratory muscle strength and/or low respiratory function." Diagnosis of respiratory sarcopenia is made by assessing respiratory muscle mass and strength. However, measuring respiratory muscle mass can often be complex, requiring advanced diagnostic equipment or techniques such as ultrasound echography and computed tomography. Assessing respiratory muscle strength is easier because it can be measured by mouth pressure measurement; however, there is no consensus yet on the exact methodology.
Studies showing the relationship between peripheral muscle and respiratory muscle weakness and sarcopenia in the elderly population are insufficient. In our study, we aim to examine the relationship between sarcopenia and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength.
Interventions
- Other Questionnare, hand grip and respiratory muscle strength
Upper extremity strength will be assessed using the Jamar hand dynamometer to measure hand grip strength. For lower extremity muscle strength, participants will undergo the five-repetition sit-to-stand test. Respiratory muscle strength, both inspiratory and expiratory, will be measured through mouth pressure assessments. Additionally, participants will complete a questionnaire addressing components related to sarcopenia diagnosis, including questions on strength, assistance with walking, rising
Primary outcome measures
- The sociodemographic data form [Time frame: baseline]
- Hand grip strength [Time frame: baseline]
- The five-repetition sit-to-stand test [Time frame: baseline]
- Measurements of respiratory muscle strength [Time frame: baseline]
- SARC-F questionnaire [Time frame: baseline]
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria
- 65 years to 80 years (Older ),
- Standardised Mini Mental Test score ≥ 20,
- Volunteering to participate in the study study
- Registered at the Çanakkale Municipality Golden Years Life Center.
Exclusion criteria
- With with a history of respiratory disease or receiving treatment for respiratory disease
- With serious orthopedic diseases that may affect the measurements
- Diagnosed with dementia
- Smokers.
Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.
Healthy volunteers: No
Study design
- Observational model
- Other
Study locations
Center list to be confirmed — check the primary protocol.
Publications
- Bahat G, Yilmaz O, Kilic C, Oren MM, Karan MA. Performance of SARC-F in Regard to Sarcopenia Definitions, Muscle Mass and Functional Measures. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(8):898-903. doi: 10.1007/s12603-018-1067-8. PMID 30272090
- Bohannon RW. Five-repetition sit-to-stand test: usefulness for older patients in a home-care setting. Percept Mot Skills. 2011 Jun;112(3):803-6. doi: 10.2466/15.26.PMS.112.3.803-806. PMID 21853769
- Cho MR, Lee S, Song SK. A Review of Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Future Direction. J Korean Med Sci. 2022 May 9;37(18):e146. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e146. PMID 35535373
- Laveneziana P, Albuquerque A, Aliverti A, Babb T, Barreiro E, Dres M, Dube BP, Fauroux B, Gea J, Guenette JA, Hudson AL, Kabitz HJ, Laghi F, Langer D, Luo YM, Neder JA, O'Donnell D, Polkey MI, Rabinovich RA, Rossi A, Series F, Similowski T, Spengler CM, Vogiatzis I, Verges S. ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing at rest and during exercise. Eur Respir J. 2019 Jun 13;53(6):1801214. doi: 10.1 PMID 30956204
- Malmstrom TK, Morley JE. SARC-F: a simple questionnaire to rapidly diagnose sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Aug;14(8):531-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.018. Epub 2013 Jun 25. No abstract available. PMID 23810110
- Ohara DG, Pegorari MS, Oliveira Dos Santos NL, de Fatima Ribeiro Silva C, Monteiro RL, Matos AP, Jamami M. Respiratory Muscle Strength as a Discriminator of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(8):952-958. doi: 10.1007/s12603-018-1079-4. PMID 30272099
- Sawaya Y, Hirose T, Ishizaka M, Shiba T, Sato R, Kubo A, Urano T. Patterns of Changes in Respiratory Muscle Strength over 1 Year in Non-Sarcopenia, Sarcopenia, and Severe Sarcopenia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 9;19(24):16571. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416571. PMID 36554450
- Woo J, Leung J, Morley JE. Validating the SARC-F: a suitable community screening tool for sarcopenia? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014 Sep;15(9):630-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.04.021. Epub 2014 Jun 16. PMID 24947762
Identifiers
NCT: NCT06756399 · 202412