Complementary Therapies in the Aging Process of People Living With HIV

PROBLEM DELIMITATION AND JUSTIFICATION Complementary therapies, including physical exercise and massage therapy, are ways to mitigate the side effects of aging, HIV infection and ART. In parallel, there are studies that seek to propose a way to analyze muscle strength and endurance, balance, walking ability, body composition, immunological, metabolic and biochemical parameters, sarcopenia, frailty syndrome, sleep quality, self-perception of health, self-esteem, perception of body image, anxiety, depression, cognitive function, medication adherence, quality of life, diet and level of physical activity in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, the impact of concurrent training, massage therapy and aromatherapy on these parameters together in PLWH with different times of diagnosis and consequences of the low CD4/CD8 ratio during their clinical history has not yet been investigated.

RELEVANCE Understanding the impact of concurrent training, massage therapy and aromatherapy, as complementary therapies, on physical, biochemical and psychosocial parameters according to the time of diagnosis and consequences of the low CD4/CD8 ratio is a way to evaluate the effect of these interventions on different profiles of the same population, and consequently, favor the development of other studies that can propose training and massage for PLWH, considering the time of diagnosis and the impact of HIV on their body.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of complementary therapies on variables associated with the aging of people living with HIV, considering the time of diagnosis and the CD4/CD8 ratio.

Specific objectives

In adults living with HIV:

1. Conduct a systematic review of the literature with the purpose of compiling scientific evidence addressing the effects of concurrent training on a variety of variables, including sleep quality, self-perception of health, self-esteem, quality of life, perception of body image, anxiety, depression, cognitive function, medication adherence, anthropometric measurements, immunological and metabolic parameters, biomarkers associated with aging, body composition, motor function and frailty. 2. Conduct a systematic review of the literature to compile scientific evidence related to the effects of massage therapy with the use of essential oils on the following variables: sleep quality, self-perception of health, self-esteem, quality of life, perception of body image, anxiety, depression, cognitive function, medication adherence, as well as immunological and metabolic parameters. 3. Investigate the occurrence of frailty syndrome in adults living with HIV, considering temporal variables related to HIV diagnosis and the implications of the low CD4/CD8 ratio. 4. To evaluate the impact of concurrent training through pre- and post-intervention determination and comparative analyses on a wide range of variables, including sleep quality, self-perception of health, self-esteem, quality of life, perception of body image, anxiety, depression, cognitive function, medication adherence, anthropometric measurements, immunological and metabolic parameters, biomarkers associated with aging, body composition, motor function and frailty. This examination will be carried out according to the times of HIV diagnosis and the consequences associated with the low CD4/CD8 ratio. 5. To evaluate the effect of massage therapy with the use of essential oils in adults living with HIV, analyzing variables such as sleep quality, self-perception of health, self-esteem, quality of life, perception of body image, anxiety, depression, cognitive function, medication adherence, as well as immunological and metabolic parameters. This evaluation will be carried out considering the times of HIV diagnosis and the implications of the low CD4/CD8 ratio.

Study design The research project has a multidesign characteristic, that is, different study designs will be used that communicate with each other to provide a broad approach to the effect of complementary therapies on the aging process of PLWH. The study designs used will be: systematic review and meta-analysis, cross-sectional observational study, and blinded clinical trial.

Intervention protocol The kinetics of heart rate and oxygen consumption, peak running speed (Vpeak), running speed at the ventilatory threshold, and respiratory exchange ratio will be assessed before and after the 12-week intervention. In addition, the estimated maximum load (1RM) in strength training will be verified in exercises for the upper limbs: front pulldown, bench press on the machine, and lateral elevation of the shoulders with dumbbells; and lower limbs: leg press 90°, adductor and abductor chair, and plantar flexion on the bench before and after the 12-week intervention. Massage and aromatherapy sessions will be performed once a week for 12 weeks for 30 minutes in the dorsal region. The massage protocol that will be used includes classic massage movements (superficial sliding, deep sliding, friction, rolling, kneading) with grape seed vegetable oil mixed with lavender essential oils, being a 2% mixture (50 drops of essential oil for 100ml of vegetable oil).

Concurrent training The concurrent training will consist of a warm-up phase (a 5-minute light-to-moderate walk), followed by 40 minutes of strength training using free weights and machines to work the body's main muscle groups, and 20 minutes of aerobic training, controlling heart rate reserve (HR) on a treadmill. Finally, there will be a 5-minute cool-down phase (active stretching). The training program will be performed 3 times a week for 12 weeks, totaling 36 training sessions. The periodization was based on the guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine.

For strength training, the movement cadence will be 1 second and 2 seconds for the concentric and eccentric phases, respectively. The time interval between each exercise will be between 90-120 seconds.

The intervention will be performed at LaCiDH of EEFERP/USP. The aerobic training load will be adjusted using HRres, calculated using the following equation:

HRres = \[(HRmax - HRrest) x intensity\] + HRrest

The resting heart rate will be assessed before the prescription of aerobic exercise and at the end of the fourth and eighth weeks for load adjustment. Participants will remain at rest in a chair for 10 minutes to record their HR, and then their HR will be taken to calculate their resting HR. The maximum heart rate (HRmax) will be calculated using the equation proposed by Tanaka et al.

The initial load for strength training will be determined during the first week of the intervention protocol. The load will be adjusted until it corresponds to 10-12 maximum repetitions for each exercise. Load adjustments will occur weekly and will be performed as follows: during the last weekly training session, participants will be instructed to perform 10 (first 8 weeks) or 8 repetitions (9th week onwards) in the first set for each exercise, and as many repetitions as possible before concentric failure in the last set of each exercise. For each repetition greater than 10 (first 8 weeks) or 8 (9th week onwards), 1 kg will be added for lower limb exercises and 0.5 kg for upper limb exercises. This increase will be incorporated into the following training session the following week.

Monitoring of concurrent training Before each training session, measurements of blood pressure, HR and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) will be taken, following the standards of the SBC, SBH and SBN (57) and SBPT (58). The measurements will be taken using a stethoscope and aneroid sphygmomanometer of the "Premium®" brand, a heart rate monitor of the "Polar FT7®" brand and a digital oximeter of the "Oximeter®" brand. In the absence of contraindicated vital signs, the training protocol will be carried out. Additionally, the HR and BP of the participants will be monitored throughout the training period.

Relaxing massage using essential oils 12 sessions of relaxing massage and aromatherapy will be carried out, lasting 30 minutes, on the back of the trunk. The intensity of the pressure of the relaxing massage will be moderate, which corresponds to the pressure exerted on the vulva of the sphygmomanometer between 50 and 80 mmHg. The massage will be performed by two professionals with experience in performing the massage and applying the pressure necessary to stimulate the relaxing massage. A mixture of grape seed oil and lavender essential oil will be used.

Data collection Data will be collected by collecting information from the research participant, including anamnesis and questionnaires that assess sleep quality, self-perception of health, self-esteem, quality of life, perception of body image, anxiety, depression, cognitive function and adherence to medication therapy. In addition, some anthropometric measurements will be taken. This information will be collected by the research team. Routine laboratory tests - to assess immunological and metabolic parameters, and biochemical variables associated with aging - will be performed by laboratory technicians from HC-FMRP/USP. The analysis of multicompartmental body composition by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) to estimate fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density will be performed by prior appointment by a radiology technician responsible for operating the equipment at LaCiDH of EEFERP/USP. Motor tests to estimate maximum load in concurrent training exercises, handgrip strength, isokinetic knee extension muscle strength, and gait will be evaluated at LaCiDH of EEFERP/USP. Balance will be evaluated at the Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control of EEFERP/USP. Aerobic variables will be verified at the Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism (LAFEM) of EEFERP/USP.

Statistical analysis In this project, the variables considered as independent are concurrent training and relaxing massage with the use of essential oils. An initial exploratory analysis will be performed to check the distribution behavior of the data. If the data present a normal distribution, a descriptive analysis (measures of central tendency, SD, CI) of the outcome variables in the periods (pre- and post-intervention) will be performed. If there is no normal distribution of the data, the description of the outcome variables will occur through median, minimum and maximum value, and 25th and 75th interquartile range.

If there is a normal distribution of the data, the t-test for dependent samples will be used to identify differences in the pre- and post-intervention period for the intervention and control groups. Subsequently, the one-way ANOVA will be used to verify differences between the intervention and control groups, in the pre- and post-intervention period. If there is no normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test for dependent samples will be used to identify differences in the pre- and post-intervention period for the intervention and control groups. Subsequently, the Wilcoxon test for independent samples will be used to verify differences between the intervention and control groups, in the pre- and post-intervention period. It is not the objective of this project to compare the effect of the intervention between concurrent training and relaxing massage with the use of essential oils. The effect size (η2) of concurrent training and relaxing massage with the use of essential oils on the outcome variables will be calculated. The analyses will be performed in SPSS 23.0 software, assuming prior statistical significance (α = 0.05).

• Immunological parameters [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment until the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Body weight [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment until the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Determination of Maximum Strength (1RM) [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment to the end of the interventions there will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Physical activity level [Time frame: From the start of recruitment to the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Energy intake [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment to the end of the interventions there will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Peak Oxygen Consumption (VO2peak) [Time frame: From the start of recruitment to the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Anamnesis [Time frame: It will only be performed before the intervention.]
• Metabolic Parameters [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment to the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Height [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment to the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Skinfold thicknesses [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment to the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]
• Body perimeters [Time frame: From the beginning of recruitment to the end of the interventions will be approximately 15 weeks.]