Pilot Study of Cognitive Behavior Therapy With Role-plays in Virtual Reality for Children With Behavior Problems

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children with behavior problems often include anger management training, social skills training, and problem-solving training. These have been shown to reduce anger and aggressive behaviors with small to moderate effects.

In a study in the Netherlands, the CBT-VR treatment program YourSkills was developed and evaluated for boys with aggressive behavior aged 8-13 years (Alsem et al, 2023). The treatment builds on CBT and includes brief role-plays conducted in virtual reality (VR). VR can provide a safe and gradual platform to practice.

PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

The aim of the pilot study is to evaluate preliminary effects and feasibility of the CBT-VR program YourSkills in Sweden for children/youth aged 10-16. The specific research questions are as follows:

1. What are the preliminary effects of the CBT-VR program on children's behavioral problems, well-being, parents' emotion regulation, parenting strategies, and family conflicts? 2. What is the level of child engagement in the CBT-VR program (e.g., the number of sessions, homework completion and dropout rates)? 3. What are the experiences of parents, children and therapists of the program (e.g., its effectiveness, acceptability, usefulness as well as relevance of the strategies taught)?

METHODS:

This project consists of a small pilot study of the CBT-based program YourSkills.

In the present project we target children/youth aged 10-16 years (n=10 families). The design is based on a mixed-methods approach. Evaluation of the intervention is conducted using within-group design (repeated measurements before, during, and after the intervention).

Families will be recruited through clinics and advertisements. They are directed to a webpage with information about the study and contact information to the researchers. Families provide informed consent to participate. Upon a participant expressing interest of the study, a member of the research team will contact the participant for a screening of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The treatment is evaluated quantitatively by parents and children, using validated assessment scales before and after treatment, and by children with single questions before, during, and after the intervention. Additionally, qualitative interviews will be conducted with participants who consent to participate in an interview. Interviews will be recorded and transcribed. Clinicians at the clinics are invited to answer questions regarding their experiences of delivering the program.

In another separate pilot study we evaluate parent training with role-plays in virtual reality: "Pilot study of parent training with role-plays in virtual reality for parents of children with behavior problems".

POWER CALCULATION:

The quantitative and qualitative data that will be collected for ten families is considered sufficient to provide understanding and preliminary insight into acceptability, usability, relevance, and effectiveness.

ANALYSES:

The plan is to compare changes during the intervention using paired t-tests, descriptive statistics, description of reliable and clinical change, and calculation of effect sizes. If appropriate, non-parametric alternatives will be employed. The qualitative analyses will be conducted using content analysis or thematic analysis.

• Parent: Mean change from baseline in parent-ratings of child wellbeing on the KIDSCREEN-10 [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Parent: Mean change from baseline in parent-ratings of child wellbeing on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Parent: Mean change from baseline in parent-ratings of emotion regulation on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (brief version) [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Parent: Mean change from baseline in parent-ratings of parental emotion regulation on the Parent Emotion Regulation Scale [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Parent: Mean change in parent-ratings of family warmth [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Parent: Mean change in parent-ratings of family conflicts [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Parent: Mean change from baseline in parenting on parent-ratings of the Parenting Children and Adolescents Scale [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Parent: Mean change from baseline in parenting on parent-ratings of the Parenting Children and Adolescents Scale: Impact scale [Time frame: Pre- and post-intervention (10 weeks after the initiation of the intervention)]
• Child/youth: Mean change from baseline in child-ratings of child wellbeing on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [Time frame: From pre- to post-intervention (measured after 10 weeks)]
• Child/youth: Mean change from baseline in child-ratings of child wellbeing on the KIDSCREEN-10 [Time frame: From pre- to post-intervention (measured after 10 weeks)]
• Child/youth: Satisfaction with the week [Time frame: From pre- to post-intervention (during 10 weeks). Completed once a week at the session.]
• Child/youth: Presence of anger or conflicts [Time frame: From pre- to post-intervention (during 10 weeks). Completed once a week at the session.]