Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Immediate Implant Placement Using Osseodensification Versus Traditional Drilling Protocol

Preoperative preparation:

A thorough preoperative assessment of all patients will be carried out including history taking, clinical examination and radiographic examination.

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● History: Each patient will be interviewed in order to obtain a comprehensive history.

● Clinical examination:

Proper intraoral examination will be done to evaluate the following parameters for the tooth of interest:

1. Restorability of the tooth. 2. Relation to adjacent teeth and the available mesio-distal space. 3. Relation to the opposing teeth and the available interarch space. Intraoral examination will be done for all study participants to ensure compliance with the study inclusion criteria.

Full mouth supragingival debridement will be performed for all participants to ensure gingival health. Oral hygiene An impression will be taken for all study participants to create a study cast on which a radiographic stent will be created to allow standardized parallel technique radiographs to be taken for the patient in the study.

Radiographic examination:

* Periapical radiographs will be done to rule out the presence of any periapical infection and evaluate the presence of caries or periodontal disease in the adjacent teeth. * Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) will be taken for each patient to assess:

1. Bucco-lingual width of bone (measured 1 mm below the alveolar crest). 2. Mesio-distal width of bone. 3. Corono-apical height of bone. 4. Presence of labial undercut, dehiscence or fenestration. 5. Relation to vital structures as nasal floor and maxillary sinus. 6. Relation to adjacent teeth.

B. Surgical Procedure:

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1. Local anesthesia in which Septocaine (Articaine hydrochloride 4% with 1:100000 Epinephrine) will be administered via buccal and palatal infiltration prior to any surgical procedure. 2. In both groups, flapless atraumatic tooth extraction will be performed which includes an intrasulcular incision using a 15c blade, then a periotome will be inserted between the root and the surrounding bone in a wedging action around the root. A small sized straight elevator will be used to luxate the root 11 3. A Lucas curette will be used to clean the extraction socket of any apical pathology and granulation tissue. 4. A periodontal probe will be used to evaluate the integrity of the bone walls and decide whether the minimum bone height required for implant placement is present. 5. Randomization will be broken at this point to determine which treatment the patient will recieve.

For Group A: (traditional implant placement) ● A pilot drill will be used to create an osteotomy at the base of the socket and decide implant trajectory. implant diameter will be chosen based on the tooth or its socket apical diameter. ● The surgical motor will be set at a speed of 800-1000 rpm and 1:20 reduction torque. * Traditional drills will be used in sequence as per the manufacturer recommended protocol.

For Group B: (Ossedensification protocol) ● Osteotomy will be prepared using Osseodensification drills in sequence as per the manufacturer recommended protocol. ● The surgical motor will be set at a speed of 800-1000 rpm and 1:20 reduction torque.

6\. Implant placement will finally be done by slowly torquing the implant into the osteotomy, placing the implant in a subcrestal position (1-2mm below crestal bone), with a jumping gap at least 2mm from the buccal bone plate.

7\. A healing collar will be placed over the implant to allow the implant healing to be monitored during the early phase of healing.

C. Postoperative care:

Administration of:

1. Antibiotics (Amoxicillin 500 mg orally four times daily for 5 days). 2. Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS; Ibuprofen 600mg three times daily for 3 days then whenever needed). 3. Antiseptic mouth rinse (0.2% Chlorhexidine oral rinse) will be prescribed twice per day for two weeks.

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Patient self-care instructions:

* Avoid any hard brushing and trauma to the surgical site for two weeks. * Plaque control will be maintained by chlorohexidine for a month after the surgery. * After this period, patients will be instructed to continue mechanical tooth cleaning again of the treated sites using a soft toothbrush and roll technique for one month in addition to chlorhexidine twice daily.

D. Postoperative radiographs:

A standardized periapical parallel radiograph will be taken 7 days after implant placement to be analyzed to assess crestal bone level, and after 6 and 9 months after surgery \[1\].

E. Placement of definitive restoration:

Around 6 months, an implant-level impression coping will be seated on to the implant, and a colored resin will be used to capture the soft tissue emergence profile.

A polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) material will be used to transfer the spatial location of the implant. An implant analog will be placed onto the implant level impression coping, and a gypsum soft tissue hybrid master cast will be created to allow laboratory fabrication of a screw-retained definitive restoration.

A definitive screw-retained zirconia crown will be delivered .

• Crestal bone level [Time frame: day of the surgery (baseline), at 3 and 6 months postoperatively)]