Frozen Shoulder Treatment With Intra-Articular Corticosteroid Injection and Suprascapular Nerve Block

Frozen Shoulder (FS) is common disease affecting 2 to 5% of the general population, with a higher prevalence in patients suffering from diabetes and thyroid dysfunction.It remains frustrating for patients and treating health care professionals as severe shoulder pain and loss of function can last for up to two years. 5-7 In the early stage, most patients identify the following symptoms: strong component of night pain, pain with rapid or unguarded movements and aggravated by movement or lying on the affected shoulder.8 Combined with marked pain and limitation in all directions of shoulder range of motion, it is easy to understand that suffering from Frozen Shoulder will have a detrimental effect on quality of life and the ability to perform activities of daily living.

The overall treatment aim for this condition is to "improve pain and function" and treatment goals should be set individually in a shared decision-making process. Patient education on the clinical course and different possible therapeutic interventions, including self-management strategies, should always come first. Clinicians should promote activity modification to utilize pain-free, functional ROM and stretching of the shoulder capsule matching the patient's current level of irritability.

Intra-articular corticosteroid injections (IACI) into the gleno-humeral (GH) joint, combined with shoulder mobility and stretching exercises, have shown to be more effective in providing short-term (4-6weeks) pain relief and improved function compared to exercises alone.

A recent article by Rex et al. places the results of the UK FROST trial in the context of 8 other randomized controlled trials comparing intra-articular corticoid injections (IACI) to manipulation under anesthesia (MUA), arthroscopic capsular release (ACR) and hydrodilatation. These findings did not show clinical superiority of either IACI, MUA nor ACR and evidence for hydrodilatation was inconclusive.

Common sense, in accordance with the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, recommends that treatments should be offered in a stepped approach from least to most invasive. In their systematic review from 2020, Challoumas et al. show that in the early phase of Frozen Shoulder IA corticosteroid is associated with better short-term outcomes, with possible benefits extending in the mid-terms. These authors recommend to associate IACI to education for home-based exercises and physiotherapy to increase the chances of resolution of symptoms by 6 months.

Unfortunately, not all patients show sufficient improvement in pain and function with IACI and need other therapies. The suprascapular nerve (SSN) provides 60 tot 70% of sensory innervation of the shoulder and suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) has shown in meta-analysis to significantly improve pain and ROM in patients with Frozen Shoulder. This systematic review however has several limitations. Blinding was not always sufficient to rule out a placebo effect, different injections techniques and products (local anesthetics with or without corticosteroids) were used and only data for pain and ROM shoulder could be aggregated as shoulder function was not evaluated in enough trials.

In a rigorous triple blinded RCT, we demonstrated that three successive SSNB with local anesthetics did not improve shoulder pain and function more than three sham injections in patients suffering from subacute Frozen Shoulder. On the other hand, it has been hypothesized that the SSN may be involved in the pathogenesis of Frozen Shoulder and that therefore using optimal approach and drugs (combination of local anesthetics and corticosteroids) in SSNB should be further evaluated in high-quality RCTs.

Evidence suggests that 20mg of triamcinolone or methylprednisolone maybe as effective in frozen shoulder than 40mg but the dosage of 40mg remains most common in clinical and research practice and was chosen to be administered intra-articular in this trial. Trial simulation indicates that the equivalent of 20mg of methylprednisolone is sufficient to increase the mean duration of peripheral nerve blocks and this dosage will be used for SSNB in this study.

In a retrospective review of 102 patients, Jung et al. showed that the combination of an IACI with an SSNB further increased treatment efficacy compared to a single IACI in Frozen Shoulder patients; as pain, ROM and function scored significantly better at different time points (2weeks, 2months and 1 year).

To our knowledge, there has been no previous prospective RCT investigating the added value of an SSNB in combination with an IACI, delivering under ultra-sound guidance the same total amount of corticosteroids in both treatment arms and assuring quadruple blinding (participant, care provider, investigator and outcomes assessor).

The aim of this study is to determine if there is any difference in pain relief and function, as measured by the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), in patients with Frozen Shoulder when given an GH IACI with a SSNB compared to an GH IACI with a sham SSNB. Furthermore, we want to identify which patients will benefit most from GH IACI or the combination of GH IACI and SSNB. The results of this trial will help to guide clinical practice treating patients with FS and improve resource allocation.

• Pain - Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) [Time frame: 4 weeks - 3 months - 6 months - 12months after the intervention]
• Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) [Time frame: 4 weeks- 6 months - 12months after the intervention]
• Constant- Murley score (CMS) [Time frame: 4weeks - 3 months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Health related quality of life, evaluated with the EuroQol [Time frame: 4weeks - 3 months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• PROMIS-29 Upper Extremity v2.0 [Time frame: 4weeks - 3 months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Shoulder ROM in abduction, anteflexion, external rotation [Time frame: 4weeks - 3 months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-11): [Time frame: 4weeks - 3 months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) [Time frame: 4weeks - 3months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Global Rating of Change Score (GRoC) [Time frame: 4weeks - 3months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Work Ability Index (WAI) [Time frame: 4weeks - 3months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Work Status [Time frame: 4weeks - 3months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]
• Health care service use [Time frame: 4weeks - 3months - 6 months - 12 months after the intervention]