Ketamine for Combined Depression and Alcohol Use Disorder

Depression and alcohol use disorder (AUD) often coexist and can create significant challenges for individuals seeking effective treatment. Traditional treatment approaches have shown limited success in addressing both conditions simultaneously. Ketamine has shown to have promising rapid antidepressant effects and a possible role in the treatment of substance use disorders. By targeting both depression and AUD simultaneously, ketamine has the potential to offer dual benefits, improving depressive symptoms while addressing alcohol cravings or consumption. Furthermore, rapid relief from depressive symptoms may enhance motivation for recovery, reduce the risk of relapse, and improve overall treatment engagement and outcomes. Although ketamine is generally considered safe when administered under medical supervision, the safety profile in individuals with comorbid depression and AUD needs further investigation. The overall objective of this study is to examine the safety and efficacy of ketamine on adults with depression and AUD that are admitted for standard inpatient addiction therapy.

The study will only include adults with at least moderate depression and alcohol use disorder as their primary substance use disorder that are admitted for inpatient addiction therapy. Participants that are unable to give informed consent or have contraindication(s) for ketamine will be excluded.

After screening and enrollment, participants will undergo baseline assessments with measures on depression (using Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)), alcohol use (using Timeline Follow-Back method (TLFB)), alcohol craving (using Short version of Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-Short) and Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS)) and neurocognitive function (using Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)). Participants will then be randomized to intervention group or control group. The intervention group will receive ketamine as four single doses, given biweekly for two weeks. The control group will receive midazolam as active placebo. Participants will undergo several follow-up assessments after treatment (1-2 day(s), 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment). Final follow-up assessment will be 6 months after baseline.

By using open questions and specific instruments for assessing adverse effects associated with ketamine (using modified version of Ketamine Side Effect Tool (mKSET)), the trial will assess the frequency, severity and duration of any adverse events and severe adverse events. All adverse events will be evaluated with regards to its causal relationship to ketamine. In addition, physician-assessed and patient-assessed tolerability will be registered. Changes in neurocognitive function from baseline will be assessed after treatment.

Changes in depression will be measured several times using rater-blinded MADRS-assessment and self-report instrument (BDI-II). Measures of alcohol use (TLFB), alcohol craving (ACQ-short and PACS), relapse risk and time until relapse will used as measures on alcohol use disorder following treatment. Several exploratory objectives will be examined, including changes in alcohol dependence severity (using Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ)), changes in quality of life (using World Health Organizations brief quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF)), changes in self-reported treatment effectiveness (using Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA)) and changes in anxiety (using Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7)). Finally, data on the subjective experience of the treatment (using Ego Dissolution Inventory (EDI), Emotional Breakthrough Inventory (EBI) and Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30)) will be collected and used in a regression model with baseline measures to assess predictors of treatment response on measures of depression and AUD .

• Alcohol craving tonic [Time frame: Repeated measurements from baseline and 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after final treatment session]
• Alcohol craving phasic [Time frame: Repeated measurements from baseline and 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after final treatment session]
• Depression response/remission [Time frame: Repeated measurements from baseline and 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after final treatment session]
• Relapse risk [Time frame: From baseline until 6 months after baseline]
• Time until relapse [Time frame: From baseline until 3 and 6 months after baseline]