Clostridioides Difficile Infection: Analyzing CLInic Evolution and Bacterial Clearance

Official title

Clostridioides Difficile Infection: Prospective Cohort Analyzing CLInic Evolution and Bacterial Clearance

Overview

Clostridioides difficile (formerly Clostridium) is a bacterium found in the form of spores (resistance form) in the environment to which patients may be exposed. This bacterium used to belong to the Clostridium genus, but analysis of its 16S ribosomal RNA in 2016 led to its being distinguished from it. Once the spore has been ingested, it can germinate in vegetative form (the active form of the bacterium), taking on the appearance of a Gram-positive bacillus that will colonize the digestive microbiota. This preliminary stage of digestive colonization by the bacteria is facilitated by certain factors, notably nasogastric probing, antacids, etc. Antibiotics, for their part, disrupt the bacteria of the digestive microbiota (dysbiosis), thus facilitating the implantation of C. difficile. Certain strains (known as toxigenic) will produce the main virulence factors: toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB) ± a third toxin (binary toxin or CDT), and thus cause the main clinical signs of digestive infection, particularly in patients with risk factors for C. difficile infection (progressive cancer, immunodepression, etc.). Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is characterized by variable clinical presentations, ranging from simple watery diarrhea without colitis, which often resolves spontaneously, to severe forms with complications such as pseudomembranous colitis, intestinal perforation or septic shock, which have a very poor prognosis. Management of this type of CDI relies mainly on the oral administration of anti-clostridium difficile antibiotics such as fidaxomicin (FDX) or vancomycin (VAN) for 10 days, as recommended by the European ESCMID, British and American IDSA guidelines. Oral metronidazole is recommended only in the absence of availability of the first two molecules (community use). Despite this treatment, one of the main characteristics of CDI is a high recurrence rate, which can reach 25% of cases. With FDX, recurrence rates appear to be lower, especially as its administration regimen is optimized. Nevertheless, its high cost is a barrier to its wider use. In view of the high cost to the community of treating recurrences, and the reduced quality of life of patients suffering from these recurrences, which are sometimes multiple and highly incapacitating, reducing the occurrence of recurrences is a major challenge. A better understanding of the factors leading to recurrence is therefore a prerequisite for optimizing CDI prevention and treatment strategies. The study of colonic mucosal immunity (aimed at quantifying IgA in stools) could also contribute to a better understanding of patient progress. All these issues surrounding CDI and its management justify the setting up of a prospective cohort for the longitudinal follow-up of infected patients, enabling us to study the digestive clearance of the bacteria according to various factors, notably the digestive microbiota and the mucosal immune response.

Primary outcome measures

• Duration of delay between diagnosis of CDI and early or late elimination of C. difficile [Time frame: Month 2]

Secondary outcome measures (4)

• Confronting digestive microbiota dysbiosis with C. difficile elimination kinetics [Time frame: Month 2]
• Impact of antibiotics prescribed for the treatment of CDI after 10 days of treatment [Time frame: Day 10]
• Determination of the form in which C. difficile persists in the digestive microbiota during treatment and after the end of treatment until it is eliminated. [Time frame: Month 2]
• Evaluation of the colonic and salivary mucosal immune response of included patients, in relation to patient progress and C. difficile elimination kinetics. [Time frame: Month 2]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Patients over 18 years of age
• Patients hospitalized in a department of GH Paris Saint-Joseph with a microbiologically documented Clostridioides difficile infection or a microbiologically documented Clostridioides difficile recurrence.
• Patient to be treated for Clostridioides difficile infection
• French-speaking patient
• Patients who do not object to their participation in the study

Exclusion criteria

• Patients under guardianship or curatorship
• Patient deprived of liberty
• Patient under court protection
• Pregnant or breast-feeding patient

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: No

Study design

Observational model

Cohort

Study locations

France · 1 center

• Fondation Hôpital Saint-Joseph — Paris

Publications

• Lawson PA, Citron DM, Tyrrell KL, Finegold SM. Reclassification of Clostridium difficile as Clostridioides difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prevot 1938. Anaerobe. 2016 Aug;40:95-9. doi: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.06.008. Epub 2016 Jun 28. PMID 27370902
• Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner AM, Gonzales-Luna AJ, Garey KW, Kelly CP, Wilcox MH. Clinical Practice Guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 Focused Update Guidelines on Management of Clostridioides difficile Infection in Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 7;73(5):e1029-e1044. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab549. PMID 34164674
• van Prehn J, Reigadas E, Vogelzang EH, Bouza E, Hristea A, Guery B, Krutova M, Noren T, Allerberger F, Coia JE, Goorhuis A, van Rossen TM, Ooijevaar RE, Burns K, Scharvik Olesen BR, Tschudin-Sutter S, Wilcox MH, Vehreschild MJGT, Fitzpatrick F, Kuijper EJ; Guideline Committee of the European Study Group on Clostridioides difficile. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: PMID 34678515
• Cornely OA, Crook DW, Esposito R, Poirier A, Somero MS, Weiss K, Sears P, Gorbach S; OPT-80-004 Clinical Study Group. Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA: a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;12(4):281-9. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70374-7. Epub 2012 Feb 8. PMID 22321770
• Guery B, Menichetti F, Anttila VJ, Adomakoh N, Aguado JM, Bisnauthsing K, Georgopali A, Goldenberg SD, Karas A, Kazeem G, Longshaw C, Palacios-Fabrega JA, Cornely OA, Vehreschild MJGT; EXTEND Clinical Study Group. Extended-pulsed fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection in patients 60 years and older (EXTEND): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3b/4 trial. Lancet PMID 29273269
• Guery B, Berger P, Gauzit R, Gourdon M, Barbut F; DAFNE study group; Dafne Study Group, Bemer P, Bessede E, Camou F, Cattoir V, Couzigou C, Descamps D, Dinh A, Laurans C, Lavigne JP, Lechiche C, Leflon-Guibout V, Le Monnier A, Levast M, Mootien JY, N'Guyen Y, Piroth L, Prazuck T, Rogeaux O, Roux AL, Vachee A, Vernet Garnier V, Wallet F. A prospective, observational study of fidaxomicin use for Clo PMID 34162264
• Watt M, Dinh A, Le Monnier A, Tilleul P. Cost-effectiveness analysis on the use of fidaxomicin and vancomycin to treat Clostridium difficile infection in France. J Med Econ. 2017 Jul;20(7):678-686. doi: 10.1080/13696998.2017.1302946. Epub 2017 Mar 16. PMID 28299963
• Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet. 2001 Jan 20;357(9251):189-93. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03592-3. PMID 11213096

Identifiers

NCT: NCT06030245 · DECLIC

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗