Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Versus Active Controls in Improving Psychological Functions of Parents and Children With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Overview

Systematic reviews revealed that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for parents had medium-to-large effect sizes in improving parental depression/anxiety (d \> 0.50), dysfunctional parenting styles (ds = 0.61-0.77), and small-to-large effect sizes in improving children's behavioral and emotional problems (ds = 0.25-0.84) in children/teenagers with various chronic diseases. A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) showed that a web-based ACT program involving a coach providing semi-structured written feedback was significantly better than waitlist controls in improving the self-reported depression, anxiety, burnout, and psychological flexibility skills in parents of children/teenagers with chronic conditions (e.g., type 1 diabetes) up to 4 months post-treatment. The investigator's RCT also found that 4 weekly sessions of group-based ACT plus asthma education was significantly better than asthma education alone in improving parental psychological function (i.e., stress, anxiety, guilt, worries, sorrow, anger, and psychological flexibility), and participants' children's asthma symptoms at 6-month follow-up. The investigator's path analysis showed that ACT improved parental psychological flexibility, which mediated the decrease in parental distress and childhood asthma symptoms. These findings support that ACT for parents not only improves parental psychological flexibility and psychological controls, but also enhances social/emotional functioning of children/teenagers with different problems (e.g., chronic pain). Given the busy schedule of schoolchildren in Hong Kong and the promising results of ACT in improving the psychosocial well-being of both parents and teenagers, providing ACT to parents of teenagers with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) may be a "killing two birds with one stone" solution to benefit both parents and teenagers. The current study will investigate this possibility.

Detailed description

This is a single-blinded 2-arm RCT. A total of 168 parent-child dyads will be recruited consecutively from the scoliosis clinic in the Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital (DKCH). Eligible parents with the children will complete the baseline questionnaires and be randomized to either ACT or control group. Parents in the ACT group will be invited to join a 30-minute small private online course (SPOC) related to AIS. Parents in the ACT group will receive five weekly online ACT group-training sessions through Zoom. The controls will receive five weekly interactive online lectures/meetings through Zoom that will cover detailed topics related to AIS information and management. A research assistant, blinded to the group allocation, will use phone calls and emails to remind all participating parents and children to complete a set of online questionnaires identical to the baseline questionnaires at 5-, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups.

Interventions

• Behavioral 5-week online synchronous ACT intervention
  Parents will meet a trained ACT counsellor to undergo five weekly sessions of ACT group training via Zoom. Specifically, each 120-minute synchronous videoconferencing session will involve the ACT counsellor and 6-8 parents.
• Behavioral asynchronous online AIS education
  A healthcare educator with a background in nursing, physiotherapy, or occupational therapy will meet with parents in five weekly 120-minute interactive AIS-related education videoconferencing via Zoom. Specifically, each 120-minute synchronous videoconferencing session will involve the ACT counsellor and 6-8 parents.

Primary outcome measures

• Change from Baseline in self-report anxiety levels of the parent and child participants at 5-week follow-up [Time frame: Baseline, 5-week follow-ups]
• Change from Baseline in severity of depression symptoms in the parent and child participants at 5-week follow-up [Time frame: Baseline, 5-week follow-ups]

Secondary outcome measures (8)

• Change in stress level of the parent-child dyads [Time frame: Baseline, 5-, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups]
• Change in parental psychological flexibility [Time frame: Baseline, 5-, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups]
• Change in family functioning for both parent and teen participants [Time frame: Baseline, 5-, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups]
• Change in dysfunctional parenting styles in parents [Time frame: Baseline, 5-, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups]
• Change in parental caring burden level [Time frame: Baseline, 5-, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups]
• Change in teenager's health-related quality of life [Time frame: Baseline, 5-, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups]
• Change from Baseline in self-report anxiety levels of the parent and child participants at 12-, and 24-week follow-ups [Time frame: Baseline,12-, and 24-week follow-ups]
• Change from Baseline in severity of depression symptoms in the parent and child participants at 12-, and 24-week follow-ups [Time frame: Baseline, 12-, and 24-week follow-ups]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion Criteria of 168 parent-child dyads:

• the parent/guardian (henceforth "parents") aged between 25 and 60 years who is mainly responsible for taking care of a child with AIS (including the scoliosis clinic follow-ups)
• the parent/guardian demonstrate at least mild anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder Scale scores > 5) or mild depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire scores > 5).
• the parent/guardian live with the index child aged between 10 and 17 years.
• the children have an orthopedist's diagnosis of AIS (Cobb angles of the major curve > 10º).
• the children are managed conservatively or waiting for surgery scheduled more than six months later.
• both parents and children should reside in Hong Kong for at least another six months.
• both parents and children should be able to read/understand Chinese,
• both parents and children can be reachable via phone/email, and can access the Internet on their own computers, tablets, or smartphones.

Exclusion criteria

• parents and/or children with psychological disorders or behavioral problems (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) that require regular psychological/psychiatric interventions;
• children having undergone surgeries unrelated to AIS; or children with other types of scoliosis, or congenital diseases.

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: Yes

Study design

Allocation

Randomized

Model

Parallel assignment

Masking

Single blind

Primary purpose

Treatment

Study locations

Hong Kong · 1 center

• The Hong Kong Polytechnic University — Hong Kong

Identifiers

NCT: NCT05919459 · HSEARS20221121001

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗