Prevention Of Sudden Cardiac Death After Myocardial Infarction by Defibrillator Implantation

Overview

Patients who have survived a myocardial infarction (MI) are at increased risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) caused by ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. A severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as a rough overall measure of impaired heart function after MI was shown to indicate a higher risk for SCD. Based on this observation, two landmark randomised trials, MADIT II and SCD-HeFT, were conducted between end of the 1990s and early 2000s. These trials compared the survival of patients with severely reduced LVEF who received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator with the survival of patients being on medical therapy alone. They reported a significantly better survival of patients in the defibrillator arm and led to international guideline recommendations for routine implantation of defibrillators in survivors of MI with severely impaired LVEF as a means for primary prevention of SCD. Since then, the management of these patients has changed dramatically with the advent of a series of novel drug classes that reduce not only mortality but specifically SCD leading to a substantial decrease of the sudden death rates as well as of the rates of appropriate defibrillator therapies implanted for primary prevention of SCD. At the same time, the complication rates associated with the defibrilllator therapy remain significant without obvious decrease. Thus, the risk-benefit of routine defibrillator implantation for primary prevention of SCD in patients with severely reduced LVEF has substantially changed since the conduction of the landmark trials that established this therapy. Due to the inherent risks and considerable costs of the defibrillator, a novel randomised adequately powered assessment of the potential benefit or harm of the defibrillator in survivors of MI with reduced LVEF under contemporary optimal medical treatment (OMT) appears imperative. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that in post-MI patients with symptomatic heart failure who receive OMT for this condition, and with reduced LVEF ≤ 35%, OMT without ICD implantation (index group) is not inferior to OMT with ICD implantation (control group) with respect to all-cause mortality.

Interventions

• Device Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
  A transvenous ICD consists of an electronic medical device and electrode leads. Besides the possibility to shock during arrhythmias the ICD can potentially terminate ventricular tachycardias by rapid pacing for short periods (small bursts of pacing). The subcutaneous defibrillator is an established and valid alternative to the transvenous ICD for the prevention of SCD, but in patients without an indication for bradycardia support, cardiac resynchronisation or antitachycardia pacing. The extrav
• Drug Optimal Medical Therapy (OMT)
  Patients will be treated according to Optimal Medical Therapy defined by the following guidelines: 1. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes 2. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure

Primary outcome measures

• Time from randomisation to the occurrence of all-cause death. [Time frame: event-driven, expected about 15 months after last patient in]

Secondary outcome measures (5)

• Time from randomisation to death from cardiovascular causes [Time frame: Randomization to end of study (event-driven, expected about 15 months after last patient in]
• Time from randomisation to sudden cardiac death [Time frame: Randomization to end of study (event-driven, expected about 15 months after last patient in]
• Time from randomisation to first hospital readmissions for cardiovascular causes after date of randomisation [Time frame: Randomization to end of study (event-driven, expected about 15 months after last patient in]
• Average length of stay in hospital during the study period [Time frame: Randomization to end of study (event-driven, expected about 15 months after last patient in]
• Quality of life (EQ-5D-5L) trajectories over time [Time frame: At baseline and 12-month intervals thereafter]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥18 years.
• Naïve to implantation of any pacemaker or defibrillator
• Documented history of MI either as ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or as non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) at least 3 months prior to enrolment.
• Symptomatic heart failure with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III.
• On OMT for at least 3 months prior to enrolment.
• LVEF ≤ 35% (at transthoracic echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging \[MRI\] at least 3 months after MI).
• Signed informed consent.

Inclusion criterion I3 defines myocardial infarction according to the 2018 ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Fourth Universal Definition of myocardial infarction

Exclusion criteria

• Class I or IIa indication for implantation of an ICD for secondary prevention of SCD and ventricular tachycardia.
• Ventricular tachycardia induced in an electrophysiologic study.
• Unexplained syncope when ventricular arrhythmia is suspected as the cause of syncope.
• Class I or IIa indication for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
• Foreseable violation of instruction for use (IFU) of the ICD device selected for implantation (valid for control group patients, only).
• Acute coronary syndrome or coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting performed within 6 weeks prior to enrolment.
• Cardiac valve surgery or percutaneous cardiac valvular intervention performed within 6 weeks prior to enrolment.
• On the waiting list for heart transplantation.

Class I or IIa indication for implantation of an ICD for secondary prevention of SCD and ventricular tachy-cardia has to be assessed according to the 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ven-tricular arrhythmias and the prevention of SCD.

• Any known disease that limits life expectancy to less than 1 year.
• Participation in another randomised clinical trial if study-specific treatment is still active at enrolment into PROFID EHRA.
• Previous participation in PROFID EHRA.

Parallel participation in sub-studies connected to this trial is permitted as well as in purely observational studies without any pre-defined intervention.

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: No

Study design

Allocation

Randomized

Model

Parallel assignment

Masking

Open label

Primary purpose

Prevention

Study locations

Germany · 37 centers

• St. Marien-Krankenhaus - Klinikum Westmünsterland — Ahaus
• Helios Klinikum Aue — Aue
• Kerckhoff-Klinik Bad Nauheim — Bad Nauheim
• Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW Universitätsklinik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum — Bad Oeynhausen
• Segeberger Kliniken Gmbh — Bad Segeberg
• Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CCM) — Berlin
• Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg — Berlin
• Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CBF) — Berlin
• … and 29 more centers

France · 10 centers

• CHU Amiens Picardie — Amiens
• Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche-CHU BREST — Brest
• CHU Henri Mondor — Créteil
• University Hospital Grenoble-Alpes — Grenoble
• Européen Georges Pompidou Hospital Paris — Paris
• Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard — Paris
• Chu de Rennes — Rennes
• Centre Cardiologique du Nord — Saint-Denis
• … and 2 more centers

Austria · 9 centers

• Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch — Feldkirch
• LKH Universitätsklinikum Graz — Graz
• Tirol Kliniken - Universitätsklinik Innsbruck — Innsbruck
• Klinikum Klagenfurt am Wörthersee — Klagenfurt
• Ordensklinikum Linz GmbH Elisabethinen — Linz
• Landeskrankenhaus Salzburg - Universitätsklinikum der PMU — Salzburg
• Universitätsklinikum St. Pölten — Sankt Pölten
• Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen GmbH — Wels
• … and 1 more center

United Kingdom · 6 centers

Center list to be confirmed — check the primary protocol.

Netherlands · 5 centers

• Amsterdam UMC — Amsterdam
• Stichting Catharina Ziekenhuis — Eindhoven
• Medisch Spectrum Twente — Enschede
• Universitair Medisch Center Groningen — Groningen
• Maastricht University Medical Center — Maastricht

Belgium · 4 centers

• OLV Ziekenhuis Campus Aalst — Aalst
• AZ Sint-Jan Brugge-Campus Sint-Jan — Bruges
• Centre hospitaliser régional (CHR) de la Citadelle — Liège
• Centre Hospitalier Universitaire CHU UCL Namur - Site Godinne — Yvoir

Czechia · 4 centers

• Fakultní Nemocnice Olomouc — Olomouc
• Všeobecná Fakultní Nemocnice v Praze — Prague
• Institut Klinické a Experimentální Medicíny — Prague
• Masaryk Hospital — Ústí nad Labem

Spain · 4 centers

• Hospital General Universitario de Alicante — Alicante
• Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre — Madrid
• La Paz University Hospital — Madrid
• Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca — Murcia

Poland · 3 centers

• Kliniczny Szpital Wojewódzki Nr 2 im.Św.Jadwigi Królowej w Rzeszowie — Rzeszów
• Wojskowy Instytut Medyczny — Warsaw
• Śląskie Centrum Chorób Serca w Zabrzu — Zabrze

Denmark · 1 center

• Aarhus University Hospital I — Aarhus

Hungary · 1 center

• Semmelweis University — Budapest

Israel · 1 center

• Rambam Health Care Campus — Haifa

Martinique · 1 center

• Le Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique — Fort-de-France Cedex

Publications

• Qian Y, Roque CR, Woods B, Iglesias Urrutia CP, Gc VS, Gur Arie M, Fischer D, Dagres N, Hindricks G, Manca A. Economic evaluation protocol for the PRevention Of sudden cardiac death aFter myocardial Infarction by Defibrillator implantation: the PROFID EHRA trial. BMJ Open. 2026 Jan 8;16(1):e097495. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097495. PMID 41506764
• Dagres N, Gale CP, Nadarajah R, Boveda S, Merino JL, Nielsen JC, Kirchhof P, Kutyifa V, Taborsky M, Thiele H, Tijssen JGP, Verma A, De Potter T, Braunschweig F, Merkely B, Sommer P, Vernooy K, Suleiman M, Purerfellner H, Hindricks G; PROFID EHRA trial investigators. PRevention of sudden cardiac death aFter myocardial infarction by defibrillator implantation: Design and rationale of the PROFID EHRA PMID 40774643

Identifiers

NCT: NCT05665608 · LHS-2019-0209

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗