Respiratory Virus Metagenomics After COVID-19

1. This is a serial cross-sectional study. Participants would be asked to complete a questionnaire and to self-collect nasal and throat swabs during a specified collection period with reference to an influenza season. 2. Subjects would be invited by post through randomly selected households throughout the territory of Hong Kong. Eligible persons are adults normally resident in the address who could communicate in written Chinese or English. Persons incapable of giving informed consent would be excluded. Other exclusion criteria are: individuals with mental illnesses, prisoners. Approval is obtained from the clinical research ethics committee. 3. A bilingual questionnaire would be administered, which consists of four parts, including: (a) Socio-demographics; (b) History of SARS-CoV-1 infection and vaccination; (c) Exposure settings preceding sample collection; (d) Presence and types (if any) of influenza-like illnesses (ILI) at the time of sample collection; 4. With the provision of nasal and throat swab collection kits, participants shall collect the nasal/throat sample within a 3-month period from the start of an influenza season when one presents with influenza-like illnesses (ILI), or at the end of the season if no such illnesses occur. The self-collected swabs would need to be returned with the questionnaire within 48 hours after sampling. After returning the swabs, a HK$50 voucher would be given to compensate participants' time. 5. RNA would be extracted from the collected samples, followed by by metagenomic analyses. The collected data would be tidied, checked and collated to form a research database. Descriptive statistics, including standard frequency tables and metrics, would be performed. 6. The key outcomes in this study are the change of abundance of viruses in different influenza seasons, and the difference in distributions of viral taxa in samples from participants. 7. On completion of the analyses, the transmission risk of respiratory infections could be assessed, and emerging viral infections could be identified. Certain exposure setting associated viruses could be identified to inform public health policies.