Duroplasty for Injured Cervical Spinal Cord With Uncontrolled Swelling

Overview

QUESTION. Does duroplasty improve outcome after spinal cord injury? WHAT DO WE STUDY? We will investigate whether performing a surgical procedure called duroplasty improves outcomes after spinal cord injury. WHY SPINAL CORD INJURY? Spinal cord injury is a devastating condition that causes permanent disability such as paralysis, numbness and loss of bladder and bowel control. Currently, there are no treatments shown to improve outcome after spinal cord injury. WHAT IS DUROPLASTY? Duroplasty is an operation that involves opening the tough membrane around the cord, called the dura, and stitching a patch of artificial dura to expand the space around the swollen cord. WHY IS DUROPLASTY BEING STUDIED? Based on our preliminary evidence, we think that the dura causes cord pressure after injury. We have shown in a small study of patients that performing this operation safely and effectively reduces pressure on the injured cord. WHO IS ELIGIBLE? Adult patients with severe spinal cord injuries in the neck who will have surgery within 72 hours. WHAT TREATMENT? Those who agree to take part will be allocated by chance (like tossing a coin) to standard treatment or standard treatment plus duroplasty. Some patients will also be asked to take part in a smaller study that involves placing probes at the injury site. WHERE? Initially, we will recruit patients from U.K. Major Trauma Centres. Most assessments will be done in U.K. Spinal Injury Centres. Later on, we we also started recruiting from overseas. HOW LONG? We aim to recruit 222 - 260 patients over 4 years. Patients will be followed up for a year. WHAT DO WE ASSESS? Patients will be assessed (using questionnaires and by examination) how well they can use their hands, walk, control their bladder and bowel and their quality of life. Some of these assessments will be repeated at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. WHAT IS THE OPTIONAL MECHANISTIC STUDY? DISCUS includes an optional study for at least 50 patients who will take part in the randomised controlled trial. The aim of the mechanistic study is to determine how duroplasty improves outcome, i.e. whether duroplasty reduces cord compression, improves blood flow to the injured cord perfusion, improves cord metabolism and reduces cord inflammation. WHAT IS THE OPTIONAL INFORMATION STUDY? For the first two years, a study called QuinteT Recruitment Intervention (QRI) is designed to optimise patient recruitment and informed consent in the trauma setting.

Detailed description

RESEARCH QUESTION: After severe traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), does the addition of dural decompression to bony decompression (includes laminectomy) improve muscle strength in the limbs at 6 months, compared with bony decompression alone? BACKGROUND: TSCI is a devastating condition that affects about 1,000 people in the UK annually. Most remain disabled, tetraplegic or wheelchair bound and are dependent on carers with significant cost to patients, carers and the NHS. Surgery aims to reduce spinal deformity, stabilise the spine and achieve bony decompression of the cord. To date, no treatments have been shown to improve outcome.

AIMS / OBJECTIVES: The primary aim is to determine if, in patients with acute, severe TSCI, the addition of dural decompression to bony decompression improves muscle strength. We hypothesise that, after TSCI, the cord swells and is compressed against the dura. Secondary objectives are to assess patient impact i.e. functional outcomes, health related quality of life (HRQoL), complication rates and mortality. Mechanistic sub-studies aim to determine if the addition of duroplasty improves cord perfusion, reduces cord ischaemia and cord inflammation.

METHODS: This is a prospective, phase III, multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT). We aim to recruit 222 adults with acute, severe cervical TSCI (American spinal injuries association Impairment Scale (AIS) grade A, B or C) who will be randomised 1:1 to undergo bony decompression alone versus bony decompression with duroplasty. Patients and assessors will be blinded to study arm. The primary outcome is change in AIS motor score (AMS) at 6 months compared with admission (Delta-AMS); secondary outcomes will assess function (grasp, walking, urinary + anal sphincters), HRQoL, complications, need for further surgery and mortality, assessed at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months from randomisation. A subgroup of 50 patients (25 per arm) will also have observational monitoring from the injury site using a pressure probe (intraspinal pressure ISP, spinal cord perfusion pressure SCPP) and microdialysis (MD) catheter (cord metabolism: tissue glucose, lactate, pyruvate, lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (LPR), glutamate, glycerol); cord inflammation: tissue chemokines/cytokines. Initially, patients were only recruited from UK major trauma centres (MTCs). DISCUS is now also recruiting patients from International sites.

TIMELINES FOR DELIVERY: The initial study duration was 72 months and includes 6 months set-up, 48 months recruitment, 12 months to complete follow-up and 6 months for data analysis and final reporting of results. There will be a formal stop/go review at month 15 (after 9 months of recruitment) to ensure a minimum of 4 sites have been opened and 8 patients randomised. If these targets are met, the trial will recruit for a further 36 months. Data from the pilot will be included in the final analysis. Recruitment has been extended to end on 30 June 2027.

ANTICIPATED IMPACT AND DISSEMINATION: It is anticipated that the addition of duroplasty to standard of care will improve muscle strength in patients; this has obvious benefits for patients and their carers as well as substantial gains for the NHS and society including economic implications. If this RCT shows that the addition of duroplasty to standard treatment is beneficial, it is anticipated that duroplasty will become standard NHS care in all 26 UK MTCs, and internationally. Participants will be informed of study findings via the Surgical Intervention Trials Unit (SITU) website and the Spinal Injuries Association (SIA).

Interventions

• Procedure Duroplasty
  Expansion Duroplasty
• Procedure Spinal surgery
  Spinal surgery including laminectomy

Primary outcome measures

• Change in AIS motor score [Time frame: 6 months versus baseline]

Secondary outcome measures (12)

• Change in AIS light touch score [Time frame: 6 months versus baseline]
• Change in AIS pin prick score [Time frame: 6 months versus baseline]
• Change in AIS grade [Time frame: 6 months versus baseline]
• CUE-Q [Time frame: 6 months]
• Grip strength [Time frame: 6 months]
• WISCI II [Time frame: 6 months]
• SCIM III [Time frame: 6 months]
• SF-36 [Time frame: 6 months, 12 months]
• Spinal re-operations [Time frame: 12 months]
• Adverse events [Time frame: 12 months]
• Mortality [Time frame: 12 months]
• Length of hospital stay [Time frame: 12 months]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥16 years
• Severe cervical (C2 - T1) traumatic spinal cord injury (AIS grade A-C)
• Deemed to require and be suitable for surgery that includes laminectomy by local surgeon
• Surgery within 72 hours of traumatic spinal cord injury
• Able to provide informed consent or consultee declaration or proxy consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Dural tear due to traumatic spinal cord injury
• Life-limiting or rehabilitation-restricting co-morbidities
• Thoracic or lumbar traumatic spinal cord injury
• Other central nervous system disease

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: No

Study design

Allocation

Randomized

Model

Parallel assignment

Masking

Double blind

Primary purpose

Treatment

Study locations

United Kingdom · 18 centers

• National Spinal Injuries Centre — Aylesbury
• Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham — Birmingham
• Addenbrooke's Hospital — Cambridge
• Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh — Edinburgh
• Queen Elizabeth University Hospital — Glasgow
• Hull Royal Infirmary — Hull
• Leeds General Infirmary — Leeds
• The Walton Centre — Liverpool
• … and 10 more centers

Austria · 4 centers

• Universität Klinik für Neurochirurgie — Innsbruck
• Kepler University Hospital — Linz
• University Hospital Salzburg — Salzburg
• St Polten University Hospital — Sankt Pölten

Germany · 2 centers

• BG Unfallklinik Frankfurt am Main — Frankfurt
• Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60596 FRANKFURT A — Frankfurt

Israel · 2 centers

• Hadassah Medical Center — Jerusalem
• Shaare Zedek Medical Centre — Jerusalem

Belgium · 1 center

• UZ Leuven — Leuven

China · 1 center

• Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology — Wuhan

Czechia · 1 center

• Masaryk Hospital — Ústí nad Labem

Denmark · 1 center

• Aarhus University Hospital — Aarhus

Finland · 1 center

• Kuopio University Hospital — Kuopio

Slovenia · 1 center

• University Medical Centre Ljubljana — Ljubljana

Spain · 1 center

• 12 de Octubre University Hospital — Madrid

Sweden · 1 center

• Skåne University Hospital — Lund

Publications

• Saadoun S, Asif H, Papadopoulos MC. The concepts of Intra Spinal Pressure (ISP), Intra Thecal Pressure (ITP), and Spinal Cord Perfusion Pressure (SCPP) in acute, severe traumatic spinal cord injury: Narrative review. Brain Spine. 2024 Oct 16;4:103919. doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2024.103919. eCollection 2024. PMID 39654909
• Saadoun S, Grassner L, Belci M, Cook J, Knight R, Davies L, Asif H, Visagan R, Gallagher MJ, Thome C, Hutchinson PJ, Zoumprouli A, Wade J, Farrar N, Papadopoulos MC. Duroplasty for injured cervical spinal cord with uncontrolled swelling: protocol of the DISCUS randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2023 Aug 7;24(1):497. doi: 10.1186/s13063-023-07454-2. PMID 37550727
• Werndle MC, Saadoun S, Phang I, Czosnyka M, Varsos GV, Czosnyka ZH, Smielewski P, Jamous A, Bell BA, Zoumprouli A, Papadopoulos MC. Monitoring of spinal cord perfusion pressure in acute spinal cord injury: initial findings of the injured spinal cord pressure evaluation study*. Crit Care Med. 2014 Mar;42(3):646-55. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000028. PMID 24231762
• Phang I, Werndle MC, Saadoun S, Varsos G, Czosnyka M, Zoumprouli A, Papadopoulos MC. Expansion duroplasty improves intraspinal pressure, spinal cord perfusion pressure, and vascular pressure reactivity index in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: injured spinal cord pressure evaluation study. J Neurotrauma. 2015 Jun 15;32(12):865-74. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3668. Epub 2015 May 4. PMID 25705999
• Phang I, Zoumprouli A, Papadopoulos MC, Saadoun S. Microdialysis to Optimize Cord Perfusion and Drug Delivery in Spinal Cord Injury. Ann Neurol. 2016 Oct;80(4):522-31. doi: 10.1002/ana.24750. Epub 2016 Aug 19. PMID 27463064
• Saadoun S, Papadopoulos MC. Acute, Severe Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Monitoring from the Injury Site and Expansion Duraplasty. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2021 Jul;32(3):365-376. doi: 10.1016/j.nec.2021.03.008. Epub 2021 May 7. PMID 34053724
• Asif H, Tsan SEH, Boseta E, Zoumprouli A, Papadopoulos MC, Saadoun S. Effect of Sevoflurane Concentration, Blood Pressure, Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension, Temperature, and Stimulation on Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Patients Undergoing Spinal Surgery: An Exploratory Study. Anesthesiology. 2026 Apr 1;144(4):1012-1015. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000005911. Epub 2026 Jan 30. No abstract available. PMID 41619740

Identifiers

NCT: NCT04936620 · 2021.0056 · 25573423

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗