The GUARDIAN Trial

Official title

Tight Perioperative Blood Pressure Management to Reduce Serious Cardiovascular, Renal, and Cognitive Complications: The GUARDIAN Trial

Overview

An international randomized trial to test the primary hypothesis that perioperative tight blood pressure management reduces a composite of major perfusion-related complications (myocardial injury, stroke, non-fatal cardiac arrest, Stage 2-3 acute kidney injury, deep or organ-space infection, sepsis, and death) in the 30 days after major non-cardiac surgery. The treatments will be: 1) norepinephrine or phenylephrine infusion to maintain intraoperative MAP ≥85 mmHg (tight pressure management); or, 2) routine intraoperative blood pressure management (routine pressure management).

Detailed description

Qualifying patients will be randomized 1:1, with random-sized blocks, stratified by site. The treatments will be: 1) norepinephrine or phenylephrine infusion to maintain intraoperative MAP ≥85 mmHg (tight pressure management); or, 2) routine intraoperative blood pressure management (routine pressure management).

Tight pressure management: In patients assigned to tight pressure management, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers will not be given the morning of surgery. Other chronic antihypertensives will only be given as necessary to treat hypertension. General anesthesia will be induced with propofol or etomidate which will be given in repeated small boluses or target-controlled infusion in an effort to keep mean arterial pressure ≥85 mmHg. Simultaneously, the vasopressor infusion will be adjusted with the same goal. Anesthetic dose, fluid administration, and vasopressor administration will be adjusted with the goal of maintaining the individual designated baseline mean arterial pressure. Invasive or non-invasive advanced hemodynamic monitoring is not required, but should be used when practical. Clinicians should use available information to optimize vascular volume, afterload, and inotropy.

Routine pressure management: In patients assigned to routine pressure management, ACEIs, ARBs, and/or calcium channel blockers can be given the morning of surgery if deemed appropriate by the attending anesthesiologist. General anesthesia will be induced and maintained per routine.

In both groups, other aspects of anesthetic management will be at the discretion of the responsible anesthesiologist, including the types and volumes of various fluids. Volatile or intravenous anesthesia is permitted. There will be no limitation on ancillary vasoactive, chronotropic, and inotropic drugs. Clinicians will be free to use advanced hemodynamic monitoring (e.g., pulse-wave analysis, esophageal Doppler, etc.). Blood products will be given per routine. Similarly, postoperative analgesic management will be per routine and clinician preference. Neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks are permitted, but epidural catheters should not be activated until surgery is nearly finished.

In all cases, good judgement will predominate.

Interventions

• Procedure Tight blood pressure management
  Norepinephrine or phenylephrine infusion to maintain intraoperative MAP ≥85 mmHg.
• Procedure Routine blood pressure management
  ACEIs, ARBs, and/or calcium channel blockers can be given the morning of surgery if deemed appropriate by the attending anesthesiologist. Intraoperative blood pressure will be managed per clinical routine.

Primary outcome measures

• Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications [Time frame: During the initial 30 days after major non-cardiac surgery]

Secondary outcome measures (1)

• Number of Participants with Postoperative Delirium [Time frame: Initial 4 postoperative days.]

Eligibility criteria

Inclusion criteria

• At least 45 years old;
• Scheduled for major noncardiac surgery expected to last at least 2 hours;
• Having general anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia, or the combination;
• Expected to require at least overnight hospitalization (planned ICU admission is acceptable);
• Are designated ASA physical status 2-4 (ranging from mild systemic disease through severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life);
• Expected to have direct intraoperative blood pressure monitoring with an arterial catheter;
• Cared for by clinicians willing to follow the GUARDIAN protocol;
• Subject to at least one of the following risk factors:

• Age >65 years;
• History of peripheral arterial disease;
• History of coronary artery disease;
• History of stroke or transient ischemic attack;
• Serum creatinine >175 μmol/L (>2.0 mg/dl) within 6 months;
• Diabetes requiring medication;
• Current smoking or 15 pack-year history of smoking tobacco;
• Scheduled for major vascular surgery;
• Body mass index ≥35 kg/m2;
• Preoperative high-sensitivity troponin T >14 ng/L or troponin I equivalent, defined as ≥15 ng/L (Abbott assay), 19 ng/L (Siemens assay, \[Borges, unpublished\]), or 25% of the 99% percentile for other assays - all within 6 months;
• B-type natriuretic protein (BNP) >80 ng/L or N-terminal B-type natriuretic protein (NTProBNP) >200 ng/L within six months.

Exclusion criteria

• Are scheduled for carotid artery surgery;
• Are scheduled for intracranial surgery;
• Are scheduled for partial or complete nephrectomy;
• Are scheduled for pheochromocytoma surgery;
• Are scheduled for liver or kidney transplantation;
• Require preoperative intravenous vasoactive medications;
• Have a condition that precludes routine or tight blood pressure management such as surgeon request for relative hypotension;
• Require beach-chair positioning;
• Have a documented history of dementia;
• Have language, vision, or hearing impairments that may compromise cognitive assessments;
• Have contraindications to norepinephrine or phenylephrine per clinician judgement;
• Have previously participated in the GUARDIAN trial.

Criteria are shown verbatim from the registry (in English). Final eligibility is always assessed by the study center.

Healthy volunteers: No

Study design

Allocation

Randomized

Model

Parallel assignment

Masking

Double blind

Primary purpose

Prevention

Study locations

China · 9 centers

• Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University — Beijing
• Peking Union Medical College Hospital — Beijing
• Peking University First Hospital — Beijing
• West China University Hospital — Chengdu
• Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin — Hong Kong
• Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine — Shanghai
• Shanghai Chest Hospital — Shanghai
• Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital — Shanghai
• … and 1 more center

United States · 6 centers

• University of Nebraska Medical Center — Omaha
• Wake Forest University — Wake Forest
• MetroHealth Medical Center — Cleveland
• Cleveland Clinic Fairview Hospital — Cleveland
• Cleveland Clinic Main Campus — Cleveland
• The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston — Houston

Turkey (Türkiye) · 2 centers

• Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital — Bakırköy
• Konya City Hospital — Konya

Greece · 1 center

• University of Thessaly — Larissa

Italy · 1 center

• IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute — Rome

Japan · 1 center

• National Defense Medical College — Tokyo

Publications

• Chen NP, Li YW, Cao SJ, Zhang Y, Li CJ, Zhou WJ, Li M, Du YT, Zhang YX, Xing MW, Ma JH, Mu DL, Wang DX. Intraoperative hypotension is associated with decreased long-term survival in older patients after major noncardiac surgery: Secondary analysis of three randomized trials. J Clin Anesth. 2024 Oct;97:111520. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111520. Epub 2024 Jul 1. PMID 38954871

Identifiers

NCT: NCT04884802 · HSC-MS-24-1026

Primary sources (government registries)

• ClinicalTrials.gov (US NIH)

View this study on ClinicalTrials.gov ↗